Moby Dick-Structure And Form :: essays research papers

Moby Dick's structure is in a sense one of the simplest of all literary structures-the story of a journey. Its 135 chapters and epilogue describe how Ishmael leaves Manhattan for Captain Ahab's whaling ship, the Pequod, how Ahab pilots the Pequod from Nantucket to the Pacific in search of Moby Dick, and how in the end Ishmael alone survives the journey. This simple but powerful structure is what keeps us reading, as we ask ouselves, "Where will Ahab seek out his enemy next? What will happen when he gets there?" Some critics have divided the book into sections, like acts in a play. The first, from Chapter 1 to Chapter 22, describes Ishmael, portrays his growing friendship with Queequeg, and serves as a kind of dry-land introduction to themes-whaling, brotherhood, and man's relationship with God-explored in greater detail at sea. The next section begins as the Pequod sails and continues to Chapter 46. Here you meet both Captain Ahab and, in description if not yet in the flesh, his great enemy, Moby Dick. A long middle secction, from Chapter 47 to Chapter 105, shows the Pequod at work as whales are hunted and killed and other whaling ships met. It also shows Ishmael pondering the meaning of these activities. The plot slows as Melville takes time to gather and display proof of the importance of the Pequod's voyage. Then, from Chapter 106 to the book's end, we're caught up in the excitement as Ahab steers his ship nearer and nearer to Moby Dick and final disaster. Although Moby Dick's basic structure is simple, the book is anything but simple, in part because Melvill writes in several literary forms. As a whole, Moby Dick is of course a novel, but some of its chapters are written as if they were scenes in a play. The chapters involving Father Mapple and Fleece contain sermons. Other chapters, most notable Ishmael's discussion of whales and whaling, resembling essays. Indeed, some readers have compared Moby Dick not to novels but to other kinds of literary works.

Business Management Monica Ashley

Implementing Strategic Change: Monica Ashley’s Experience â€Å"The Monica Ashley Case† illustrates a very conclusive example of how the correct use of power and influence in management is as important as, and sometimes even more important than, having all the right answers and being able to back them up with data. Power struggle, influence, politics, and resistance are all issues within this case study. It also prozides an example that witin project management it is essential to determine the key players, figure out what is important to them and utilize strategic management skills to influence the project. Monica Ashley, a highly driven and ambitious woman was the project manager of â€Å"Project Hippocrates† at HEAL-INC. She had individual power to use the company’s resources and people to accomplish job related tasks and duties. She initially had concerns about taking on the position however, with the personal encouragement and backing by the president of the company, Gary Dorr, she accepted. As the project manager, Monica had access and control over information such as reporting and data supporting the idea of purchasing a digital signal processor from an outside vendor. She also had information about the changes of customer needs and the competitor’s reactions to the changes. Therefore, her colleagues needed to depend on her to solve some of the problems they faced. This gave Monica information power. Although Monica had information power there were several types of power she was missing. Monica lacked reward power and coercive power. She couldn’t give monetary bonuses, promotions or any other form of rewards to colleagues who had done well in the project. More importantly, Monica didn’t have the power to punish anyone who hurt team morale and obstructed the progress of the project by engaging in organizational politics, such as Ralph Parker and Ed Kane. Monica had several years experience in important staff positions, which helped her in transferring her knowledge to this project however she lacked expert power. She didn’t have the expertise in designing and manufacturing of signal processors before taking up the project. She was relatively inexperienced when compared with Parker and she had neither made major contribution to the company nor built close relationship with her olleagues. Her colleagues also less respected her than Parker who had high informal individual power including expert power because of his expertise in analog signal processors. Parker was the vice president of signal processor design, and he believed that he was the only person that could specify the type of processor (analog or digital) to be used in the project. On occasion he discredited Monicas research and stated that it â€Å"wasn’t competant†. Monica chose not to align with Parker and rather continue on her track to comlete the project the best way she saw fit. Monica had legitimate power on the project with her team however she lacked with senior management. Dorr valued a â€Å"peaceful and productive environment† with no â€Å"hot competitors†. Based on her prior converstaion with Dorr it seemed he valued the teamwork aspect more than the expert power. Dorr was frustrated with her thinking that she had legitimate power and described her as â€Å"an Imperial Chinese Emperor. † Parker questioned her legitimate power when he shouted: â€Å"Who the hell do you think you are, going to an outside vendor. † Parker throughout the case used coercive power to intimidate Monica. He taunted her by calling her a â€Å"traitor and a renegade. † The power used by Parker to influence Dorr was not discussed in the case since most of their interaction happened behind closed doors. Though, whatever power used, it surely was more effective than that of Monica. Parker knew how to play the political game, while Monica thought that her numbers and data are going to be enough to get her targets’ buy in. Monica’s influence tactics relied heavily on rational persuasion. Before the Hippocrates project she used this rational persuasion successfully to influence Dorr. She backed up â€Å"her views with data when he (Dorr) asked why she disagreed. † Monica’s attempt to use rational persuasion during project Hippocrates did not yield the same positive results. On the other hand, Parker and Kane knew how to â€Å"play the game† at HEAL-INC. While Monica stuck to one tactic using data and information, Parker and Kane used several tactics in an attempt to influence their targets. This included pressure and time spent forming a coalition. Pressure was exerted on Monica, and she â€Å"ate the bait† and appeared to fight back. Monicas appearance to fight back worked against her since managers are expected to exert self-control. Behind closed doors, Parker and Kane brought Dorr to their side of the argument and used this coalition to marginalize Monica’s proposal. Eventually near the conclusion of the project Monica was removed from her position. Monica realized that she was too caught up in the technical and marketing challenges and she did not focus on assessing the interests of other key players. She had data and content for the project but lacked a foundation because she did not align with others. Her manager, Dan Stella, tried to coach Monica to be more influential but he couldn’t get her to listen to his advice. This proved to be an obstacle for her because when challenged by others Stella did not publically back her up. Stella had a lot at stake for his position in the company and therefore had to look out for himself. Monica also never addressed issues with Parker. She took her coworkers views of Parker as facts and did not bother to talk to him directly. Monica should have taken the opportunity to talk to Parker out of the context of presentations and possibly even work and learn more about him. The goal of meeting with Parker would have enabled her to build trust and rapport with him. She should have also worked actively on finding ways to include Parker in the decision making process. By including others in the project should would have encouraged positive input and perhaps eliminated behind-the-scenes maneuvering. In regards to Stella, rather than viewing his concerns as negative she needed to step back and reassess why he was coaching her. Stella was an invaluable alliance that she should have fostered and recognized. She should have given him the promise of more controlled behavior and listening to his advice, in turn he may have been more willing to publically support her. Monica also made mistakes with Dorr. She went head on with Parker even though Dorr specifically told her not to do so. Her intensity rather than patience and teamwork concerned Dorr. She didn’t do enough talking with Dorr about the project rather provided information in a public setting. The project required Dorr’s support and she did not align with him to build a strong foundation. This misjudgement proved to be a major weakness for Monica. She harmed an opportunity that provided her direct contact with the President of the company, a contact that senior managers should embrace. In order to be more infulential in the future, Monica needs to avoid heavily relying on just the merit of her work and viewing politics with distaste. The â€Å"numbers† are not the only focus for senior management. Effective managers need to also have self-control and show a perception of being team players. Monica needs to work on her relationship with her peers and superiors at HEAL-INC. This includes reaching out to the President Gary Dorr, her boss Dan Stella and last but not least Parker and Kane. In addition to that Monica needs to adapt her influence style. Going forward, she needs to recognize the influence of others and build trusting relationships with the key players involved. References: Porter, M. E. 1985, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: Free Press. Hoskission, Hitt, Ireland, Harrison 2008, Competing for Advantage, Ohio: South Western. Influence without Authority website, www. influencewithoutauthority. com Edersheim, E, The Definitive Drucker Cohen and Bradford, 2005, Implementing Strategic Change: Monica Ashley’s Experience Case Study

Hotel and Lodging Career Research Essay

Executive Summary With high curiosity and interest in many fields, I have changed my career goal from archaeology to science then to architecture and finally to entrepreneurship in hospitality and traveling. In preparation for launching my own business, I determined to learn more about the hotel and lodging industry through a financial and accounting position. A hotel is an establishment that provides temporary accommodation and various services depending on the rate per night a customer can afford. Nowadays, as customers’ needs and affordability vary, hotel and lodging facilities could be classified into multiple levels of definitions based on economic structure, price, chain scale, location, room configuration or market served. A large hotel with full service often comprises many departments with specialized employees. A General Manager leads the main operating departments which consist of Room, Security, Food and Beverage and Minor Services. The administrative departments of a hotel are Accounting, Engineering and Marketing and Sales. As of 2007, in the US, there are approximately 49 thousand hotels and lodging properties that have over 15 rooms, providing about 4.5 million guest rooms and generating 139.4 billion dollars in revenue. The U.S hotel and lodging industry employs about 1.4 million workers and serves both business and leisure travelers. International travelers make up 22% of lodging room occupants. In the current economic downturn that started in late 2007, decreases in both traveling and financing has pulled earnings of hotels in the US down by 11.6% in occupancy rate, 8.6% in average daily rate, and 19.1% in revenue per available room, leaving the industry in a struggle to attract customers and provide jobs for their employees. A typical entry-level administrative position in a hotel requires a four-year bachelor’s degree in a business related major. Other desirable traits for candidates are leadership skills, communications skills, confidence, and more. There are few administrative positions in the current hotel and lodging industry that college graduates can obtain, but they are exciting jobs that promise quick advancement, relocation opportunities, and even room rate discounts for associates. Financial and accounting positions in the hotel industry include Assistant Controller, Senior Assistant Controller, and Director of Finance and Accounting. Assistant Controllers and Senior Assistant Controllers work at the daily operating level and assist the Director of Finance and Accounting in making decisions. Directors of Finances and Accounting work at strategic decision making and are members of the executive committee of the hotel, overseeing the health of the hotel in general. With leadership skills, communication skills and by going beyond the expected and being willing to relocate, a new college graduate could advance quickly in the hotel industry. The knowledge I will gain from working in hotel and lodging industry will prepare me to launch my own lodging business.â€Æ' From myriad interest to a focus on hospitality With a high level of curiosity and thousands of questions in mind, I have been an explorer since I was small. By the time I was 10, I decided to discover the secrets of the world by becoming an archaeologist, who travels to different places and digs things up all day. Before I thought further about digging around, however, I became captivated by Thomas Alva Edison – the genius inventor with thousands of inventions. My hope for becoming an inventor was so high that I started to study really hard in order to understand more about natural science. For two years, I kept my enthusiasm, but the attraction for houses and buildings soon dawned on me. At the time, I was really good at industrial technology courses, especially industrial drawing and blueprint design. Being a visual learner, I had no difficulty interpreting blueprints. I even scribbled some of my own ideas and purchased numerous issues of architectural magazines. When I got into high school, I told myself that I would take an exam to get into an architecture school. However, in Vietnam, at the time, there was a movement of studying abroad. Even though I got into the science division of high school, English has always been my forte, and I had feelings of uncertainty about becoming an architect. Then, in my last year of high school, I applied for a high school exchange program in the United States and took the first step on my study abroad route. As I matured abroad, I stepped away from my childhood interests and thought carefully about the reality of each job I was interested in. Still being enthusiastic about discovering the world, I shifted my method from being an archaeologist to being a traveler. Still enamored of great buildings and designs, I desired to work at nice hotels and resorts or build my own. With my parents owning a business, I was strongly influenced by the independence and creativity of entrepreneurship, which inspired me to become an entrepreneur specializing in hotels and traveling. More importantly, as I studied abroad I developed a sympathy for others travelers and discovered a passion to fulfill others’ need while away from home. Hospitality is also a career that is people-oriented, offering tremendous opportunities to improve communication skills and meet people. As I am pursuing a double major in Accounting and Finance, I look forward to obtaining a financial position in a hotel, in order to learn about the cost and profits of operating a hotel and the process of financing hotels specifically. As I increase my knowledge, my final direction is to launch a hospitality business of my own, providing customers with unique impressions, positive experiences and exceptional services. Hotel and Lodging Industry at a Glance As people travel for various purposes, hotels are convenient facilities that offer temporary accommodation and services during the stay at appropriate prices. Thus, a harbor view room with large bathroom, TV, in-room Internet, air conditioning, 1,000 thread-count bedding, coffee machine, morning paper, and more in a hotel that has a three-star restaurant, conference room, and swimming pools and is located in the middle of all the action could cost hundreds of dollars a night. Meanwhile, a bunk bed in a hostel, with a shared bathroom at the end of the hall and common kitchen costs about twenty dollars a night. With a diversity of customers, hotels and lodging facilities nowadays are thoroughly differentiated based on the services provided. In the book A Host of Opportunities: An Introduction to Hospitality Management a hotel can be classified into multiple definitions based on its structure, price, chain scale, location, room configuration or market served (Hoof 75-83). Hotel Organizational Structure In order to effectively handle myriad customers’ needs, a large hotel could contain many departments including Rooms department, Food and Beverage department, and other administrative departments. Smaller hotels or family-owned facilities may not have the same range of staff or definite departmental arrangement; instead, lodging managers and employees may multitask. Below is a diagram of a large hotel’s departmental organization and its employees, from A Host of Opportunities: An Introduction to Hospitality Management. Scope of U.S Lodging Industry According to the American Hotel and Lodging Association’s â€Å"2008 Lodging Industry Profile,† by 2007 there were 48,062 lodging properties of 15 rooms and up in the United States. Those properties made up a total of 4,476,191 guestrooms and generated $139.4 billion in sales. The revenue per available room (RevPAR) was $65.52, and the average occupancy rate was 63.1%. Room rates rose constantly, while the most updated average room rate stood at $103.87 in 2007. The before tax profits was $28 billion, according to Smith Travel Research (STR), an organization specializing in benchmark and research for the lodging industry (qtd. in â€Å"2008 Lodging Industry Profile†). Hotel properties across the country employed about 1.4 million workers. Meanwhile, lodging customers were comprised of 44% business travelers and 56% leisure travelers. The United States ranked first in international customer receipts with spending from international travelers at $122 billion, and continued to receive more international travelers than previous years at a 10% growth rate. This enormous flow of international travelers made up 22% of all lodging room nights in 2007 (â€Å"2008 Lodging Industry Profile†). Thus, by 2007 the U.S hotel and lodging industry was still prospering, until it got caught later in the current of the economic downturn. Hotel and Lodging Industry in Current Economic Downturn The current economic slowdown discouraged consumer spending on vacation travel and business spending on business travel, which affected the hotel industry directly. According to Smith Travel Research â€Å"the U.S hotel industry posted declined in the three key performance measurements during the week of 26 April – 2 May,† as in STR’s recent weekly U.S performance report (qtd. in â€Å"STR posts US results for week ending 2 May 2009†). The three key measurements are industry occupancy rate (OC), which declined by 11.6% over a year performance, average daily rate (ADR), which declined by 8.6% and revenue per available room (RevPAR), which declined by 19.1% (â€Å"STR posts US results for week ending 2 May 2009†). As the earnings decline, hotels cut costs in a variety of ways including employments, make it harder even for college graduates to find good positions. Preparing for a Career in Hotel Management In order to obtain an administrative position in a hotel, a bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university is preferred, especially for finance and accounting positions. In the Marriot International Incorporate’s description of financial and accounting positions provided by Beth Zabawa, Director of Finance and Accounting at Renaissance St. Louis Grand & Suites Hotel, a candidate for the Assistant Controller position – the entry level financial position – should have â€Å"4-year bachelor’s degree in Finance and Accounting or related major; no work experience required† (Zabawa). However, in place of work experience, exceptional interpersonal skills and positive attitude such as leadership skills, communication skills and confidence are desirable (Zabawa). Financial and Accounting Positions in the Hotel and Lodging Industry Hotel and lodging careers do not suggest working only as a front desk clerk or housekeeping. Many management positions in hotels such as general manager, controller, and sales offer quick advancement, relocation opportunities, and many other novelty benefits such as hotel-associate-only discounts on room rate. These positions are good starting points for college graduates. For finance major graduates, positions in the hotel industry may be limited but could be uniquely rewarding. At small establishments, the lodging manager often oversees both operating activities and administrative activities, including bookkeeping and financing. Only large hotels need and are able to afford several accounting and finance positions. Some of the financial and accounting positions are Assistant Controller, Senior Assistant Controller, and Director of Finance and Accounting. Description of the jobs In the Marriot International Incorporated’s description of financial and accounting positions provided by Zabawa, the entry-level position for a college undergraduate is Assistant Controller, who works at the daily operating level. An assistant controller’s â€Å"primary responsibilities include financial analysis and financial reporting, budgeting and forecasting, audit and control, asset and liability reconciliation, working capital and control† (Zabawa). Zabawa said that Assistant Controller mostly works in the office, reports to the Director of Finance and Accounting and attends meetings with other departments. She also provided other information about salary and benefits, training, opportunities for advancement for financial positions and some advice for college graduates starting in the industry. Incoming employees begin with an extensive Management Program that lasts about 6 to 8 weeks, equipping the person with the knowledge and processes involved with working at Marriott Inc. Following the extensive training are online training and a 1-week class that evaluates the new employees and train them to work in groups. The starting salary for an Assistant Controller is at around $40,000 a year. Beside salary, associates at Marriott Inc. receive benefits such as health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, dental insurance and a 401k plan. Depending on the properties, employees may benefit from working in a hotel by receiving free lunch or discount rates when staying at the chain’s properties. After 12 to 18 months, there is an opportunity for the Assistant Controller to transfer to other properties of Marriott Inc. or to be promoted to Senior Assistant Controller (Zabawa). Senior Assistant Controller’s responsibilities include overlooking the tasks of the Assistant Controller and assisting the Director of Finance and Accounting in reporting and making decisions. After 12 to 18 months to two years, a Senior Assistant Controller at Marriott Inc. could either transfer to other properties or become Director of Finance and Accounting at smaller properties (Zabawa). The Director of Finance and Accounting enjoys many different aspects of financial careers. As part of the Executive Committee of the properties, the main responsibilities of a Director of Finance and Accounting are strategic decision making. Stepping away from the daily paper work of the Assistant Controller or Senior Assistant Controller work, a Director of Finance and Accounting â€Å"attends meetings to discuss the hotel’s operational strategies, controls spending and develops budget, studies competitors and communicates with the estate’s owner,† described Zabawa. She revealed her opinions for the Director of Finance and Accounting position as exciting, informational and engaging. The work is different each day, the reports the Director of Finance and Accounting received provide thorough knowledge of the hotel and lodging industry and Marriott Inc. has a very loyal working culture with each associate working as if the hotel is their own business (Zabawa). Zabawa advised new college graduates pursuing hotel careers to be innovative, confident, assertive, and proactive, and find ways to add value to the business. Interpersonal skills such as communication skills, both speaking and writing skills, and leadership skills are invaluable for college graduates to advance in the hotel and lodging industry (Zabawa). The flow chart below demonstrates the time and skills an entry level position in the Finance and Accounting office needs in order to advance to the next level. Conclusion The hotel and lodging industry is the intersection between the travel and hospitality industries that offers many different directions to explore. While working in a financial position in a hotel, I will be able to learn more about the financial aspect of hotel operation, gain experience in customer service and find a niche for myself to debut in the hotel industry. Combination with private service is a possible solution to my entrepreneurship direction. In comparison with US and European hotel industry, Asian markets are less professional and developed. As I start in Vietnam, I want to broaden the Vietnamese tourism industry with ethnic hotels or lodging facilities that would bring a truly authentic experience to travelers to Vietnam. With later international expansion, I hope to establish a model of authentic traveling and cultural interaction in the world tourism industry. Work Cited â€Å"2008 Lodging Industry Profile.† American Hotel and Lodging Association. 30 Apr. 2009. â€Å"Dedicated Staff.† The Knightsbridge London. 30 Apr. 2009. Five Star Concierge Service LLC. 30 Apr. 2009. Hoof, Hubert, Gary Vallen, Marilyn Mc. Donald, and Paul Wiener. A Host of Opportunities: An Introduction to Hospitality Management. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. Print. â€Å"Housekeeping Service.† The Knightsbridge London. 30 Apr. 2009. â€Å"STR posts US results for week ending 2 May 2009.† Hospitalitynet.org. Hospitality Net, 8 May. 2009. 10 May 2009. Zabawa, Beth. Personal Interview. 8 Apr. 2009.

Distillation Lab Report

Data and Conclusions: The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to use distillation and gas chromatography to separate and identify different compounds from a given mixture. There are several kinds of distillation methods. However, the method that we used in this experiment was fractional distillation. This method is used when trying to separate two different volatile compounds whose boiling points differ by 40-50Â °C or more.If the boiling points are too close, this method will not work because the two compounds will begin evaporating at close temperatures and will condense down to the receiving flasks at relatively the same times. This will not create an ideal separation. The apparatus used for this type of distillation is longer than that of a simple distillation experiment because this kind of apparatus creates more efficient separation. This happens because the fractional distillation apparatus is longer, and allows for several simple distillations to occur within the col umn itself to more accurately separate liquids.The inside of the column is said to have theoretical plates, or equilibrium stages that are created by the vapor and liquid stages of a compound that create this accuracy. The column must also be insulated with cotton and aluminum to prevent any heat loss that may lead to inaccurate temperature readings or even effect the evaporation of the different compounds. When heating the stillpot, flameless heating should be used along with a magnetic stirbar. This is important to control the temperature of the mixture and keep the heat smooth and constant.Heating the mixture too fast could result in no fractionation in the column and lead to no separation. Likewise, if the mixture is heated too slowly, the vapors might now make it all the way to the condenser, and the liquid will fall back into the stillpot. If the mixture is heated correctly and constantly, the vapors should condense through a condenser and into a receiving flask. This condense r should have water running through it at all times to keep it cool and keep the condensed vapor flowing down into the receiving flask.As a whole, the entire apparatus works perfectly for two different volatile liquids with 40-50Â °C boiling point differences because as the liquid with the lower boiling point is distilled out, the higher boiling point liquid will remain in the stillpot as the other is evaporating and distilled. Then, it will be able to evaporate later as the temperature rises, after the other has more than completely distilled out. As I conducted this portion of the experiment, I noticed that while taking the three fractions, fraction A filled up the full 15 mL and continued distilling through fraction B, and eventually stopped.Because of this, I hypothesized that all of fraction A and most of fraction B consisted of the low boiling point compound. As I raised the temperature of the hotplate, I was able to collect fraction C, and I predicted that it was composed of mostly the high boiling point liquid. To test this, the experiment called for the use of gas chromatography. The chromatography would not only show the relative concentrations of each compound in the fraction, but could also help confirm the identification of the compounds we thought were in the fractions based on the temperatures that each liquid boiled.Before trying to guess the correct compounds of the mixture, one must run each individual fraction through the machine to clearly see the composition of each. Gas chromatography works because as the liquid runs through the machine, its different components run through and exit at different times due to changes of temperatures that measure high and low boiling points. The machine records these using peaks of retention time that identify these different components. After obtaining this data, there was enough information to choose a reasonable match for each of the components.Once both the fractions and the guessed compound were mixed , the retention recordings should not differ in the number of peaks because ideally the compound mixed should have the same retention time as one of the other previous peaks. If the compounds were to differ in the number of peaks, then it shows that another compound must be present with different properties. As I conducted this portion of the experiment, I guessed cyclohexane for my low boiling point liquid and toluene or heptane for my high boiling point liquid based on the fractional distillation observations.For cyclohexane I mixed it with fraction A, since it predominantly consisted of my low boiling point liquid, and observed two peaks in my results. Therefore I concluded that cyclohexane was the low boiling point liquid. However, for the second liquid I guessed heptane first, and my results showed three peaks. Knowing that I had guessed wrong, I tested toluene mixed with my fraction C and only got two peaks. The high boiling point liquid proved to be toluene. In conclusion, my results all matched the main ideas and theories presented in the experiment.From my results I was able to figure out the composition of each of the compounds in the initial mixture and compare them to those of the rest of the class. My results only varied by 3. 18%. When using the two different methods of calculating the composition, the second method using the chromatography peaks was more accurate, and compared to the first method of assuming the ideal compositions, the results differed from the class average by over 10%. Based on the consistency of our class results using the second method, the two compounds proved to have been distilled using the proper method, and is reinforced by the use of gas chromatography.

Company law assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company law assignment - Essay Example Memorandum is therefore a document of great importance in relation to the proposal company (Palmer â€Å"Company Law (20th ed.)P.56. It is infact a charter of a company. â€Å"The memorandum defines the limitations of the powers of the company†¦it contains in it, both that which is affirmative and that which is negative. It states affirmatively the ambit and extent of vitality and powers which by law are given to the corporation, and it states negatively, if it is necessary to state, that nothing shall be done beyond that ambit. â€Å"It sets out the constitution of the company, it is so to speak the charter of the company, and provides on which the structure of the company is built. The importance of the memorandum lies in the fact that it defines the scope of companies’ activities as well as its relation with the outside world. Its purpose is to enable the shareholders, creditors and those who deal with the company to know what its permited range of its enterprise. The Articles of Association of a company are the internal regulations which govern the management of the internal affairs of a company. The articles are meant to regulate the internal affairs of a company. The members have full control and may by resolution alter them as they think fit so long as they do not exceed the limits defined by the memorandum or the Companies Act. The Companies Act defines Articles of Association as: â€Å"Articles means the articles of association of a company as

Teacher Professional Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teacher Professional Competencies - Essay Example Moreover, a cooperative staff could also help each other in reducing their weaknesses and improving their competencies by providing each other with constructive criticism. In this regard, effective communication is very important. The artifact shows a regular bi-monthly round table staff meeting where all the staff members meet to discuss ongoing problems, progress, and future plans. The artifact shows that the whole staff is cooperative and communicates effectively. A bi-monthly staff meeting gives all the team members an opportunity to provide constructive criticism, feedback, and discuss future plan of action. Moreover, teachers with the same students with particular weaknesses can form a single strategy to help each other and the student. The meeting provides a platform to discuss ideas, apprehensions, and suggestions. Communication helps close gaps between team members and clears any misunderstandings that may arise in the absence of it. A regular staff meeting provides a platform for friendly communication. None of the teachers would feel threatened or insulted which they would feel if the meeting was called specifically for a particular

The competitive nature of the big supermarket chains in the UK Essay

The competitive nature of the big supermarket chains in the UK - Essay Example It will further discuss whether the market structure is beneficial or has a negative impact to the customers. The four brands take more than seventy-five percent of the market shares with Tesco enjoying the largest share of the UK market. The supply of commodities is always on demand; hence, the production scale tends to be large to have space to accommodate the economies of scale. When the issue of economies of scale comes into play, the variable cost is always low due to the advanced technology that results to full utilization of the investment. The consumers get more products at lower prices. The oligopoly market structure tends to attract large manufacturers. In addition, the manufacturers are required to have higher levels of technical and financial strength in production of commodities (Obitz, 2009, p. 59). It results to more benefits to the people as evident in the large quantities of low price products. The oligopoly market in United Kingdom supermarket chains does possess an aspect of interdependence. If a company makes a price or market strategy that has influence on the other companies, the whole market particularly the firms, become interdependent (Leahy & Neary, 2010, p. 25). This means that if one supermarket decreases or increases the price of its commodities, the other supermarkets will also adjust their price. The supermarkets, in most instances have a common agreement of how they make changes on the output and the price. In addition, most of their strategies seem to be similar in order to maximize on their profits. This results to a non-price competition in oligopoly market and price rigidity. The supermarkets in the UK avoid engaging in price wars. The prices are relatively same in all the large supermarkets. In the business world, some firms will tend to lower their price than the others while the quality of their goods is not securitized. This makes the consumers buy t he products at low prices and