The Formation of Islamic Art and the Amalgamation of Different Literature review

The Formation of Islamic Art and the Amalgamation of Different Cultural - Literature review Example â€Å"Arts of the Islamic World† and â€Å"Islamic art† are significant phrases which refer to the various artistic traditions which have flourished since the advent of Islam across a vast geographic area ranging from southern Spain and North Africa to the islands of Southeast Asia in the late seventh century. (Arts of the Islamic World 2008). One most relevant factor about the formation of Islamic art has been the influence of the varied culture of the world on its formation. â€Å"The cultural influences ranged from Byzantine (inherited when the Ottomans made Constantinople their capital in 1453) to Italian, French, Central Asian, Persian and Arab.† (Sajoo 2001, p. 16-18). There was also important influences from Roman architectural elements, Spanish mosaic decoration, Chinese ceramics, and Iraqi calligraphic styles in North Africa under the Fatimid dynasty. One of the most important elements of Islamic art has been its architecture consisting of a unique relig ious architecture which comprises the mosque (masjid), and the madrasa and a secular architecture including palaces, caravansaries, cities and the mausoleum. The Islam from the Arabian Peninsula had no native artistic traditions, but as it began to spread politically and socially, it also absorbed and adapted indigenous art styles. â€Å"Islamic art thus developed from many sources. Roman, Early Christian, and Byzantine styles were taken over in early Islamic architecture; the influence of Sassanian art—the architecture and decorative art of pre-Islamic Persia under the Sassanids—was of paramount significance.

Psychology And Its Branches Sociology Essay

Psychology And Its Branches Sociology Essay First of all psychology is the study of human behaviour. The sole purpose of psychology is to unravel the mystery of why and individual acts a certain way. Psychology examines an individuals specific actions, responses and factors that dictate how an individual reacts under set conditions and the environment. The behaviour of an individual has an impact on the greater society that surrounds the individual. Psychological theories cover many branches including organizational psychology, environmental psychology, development psychology, forensic psychology and sports psychology. The talk about psychology and its branches bring up an individual in particular, Robert William Pickton. This former pig farmer and serial killer convicted of the second degree murders of six Canadian women in 2007. He was also charged with the murder of twenty additional women. The Canadian man born in British Columbia is considered a psychopath and is very easily determined as one because of his childhood. The branch of psychology that specifically affected Picktons mentality was his development as a child and the environment he grew up in, in other words development psychology. Robert Pickton grew up in a childhood filled with denial from his mother. Due to Roberts mother heavy work regime he would never have fun, spend time with friends or time to play. If Robert was not in school, he would be found in the slaughterhouse where his environment affected his mentality. In such an environment it is easy to see the development psychology theory that has had a major effect on Picktons psychopath killing spree up to a total of forty-nine victims. Erik Erikson believes that human behaviour can be understood through the experiences an individual encounters during their development. This directly relates to Robert Pickton because of the violent and gruesome environment Pickton grew up in, it is easy to analyze why his psychological behaviour has become what it is today. Erikson suggests that a person may pass a stage of psychological development or they get stuck. For example, an infant either trusts his/her caregivers or s/he doesnt. This failure of trust gain can affect the persons trusting relationship later on in life. This same ideology goes for Pickton; he grew up in an environment where killing was occurring periodically in a day. This harsh and violent environment has caused Pickton to have a violent and gruesome psychological personality. He believes that killing has no evil or wrong in it, this is because of the psychological development theory. Pickton has been stuck in this psychological environment since his childho od and has been prominent in his life. Sociology Perspective: Sociology is a social science perspective that states one area of society will always have an effect; it can be either direct or indirect. This is due to society being a complex structure where there will always be modifications and changes in it due to society itself. The ideology of society influences decisions made on marriage, economics, love, freedom, politics etc. However, recognizing these facets of life does not assist with the explanation of their existence. In other words, sociology is the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society this can include social problems within society. Robert William Pickton had a criminal mind set because of his childhood as explained through psychological development. Through his childhood and Picktons brutal treatment as a child from his mother, Pickton grew intolerance for the opposite sex. He felt that males are dominant over females and thus the feminist theory of female oppression. Through the sociological feminist perspective Pickton neglected the female figure. His behaviour as a serial killer towards women was triggered through his childhood and ever since he has developed a feminist social view where he believes males are the dominant gender over females. Hostile affection from Picktons mother led to an angrier individual later on towards the opposite sex and thus the criminal acts released against women in Picktons elder years. The sociological analysis of Marxist Feminism Theory also plays a role in the behaviour of Robert William Pickton. This implies the lack of balance in society in terms of gender classes in the economic perspective of sociology. Stereotypes within society influenced Pickton as he believed women have a lesser role in society than males. This is why Pickton would go for vulnerable areas for kidnapping and base his attacks on lower class levels. For example, Robert Pickton would target women that were prostitutes or drug addicts because there class level in society was lower than his. Picktons targeting specific groups of women instead of the women gender as a whole illustrated sociological perspective of feminism. Pickton tried to achieve structural functionalism in society where there is a balance, equilibrium in society by maintaining its interdependent social structures. Talcott Parsons stated, as much as things change they stay the same. Structural Functionalism deals with the maintenance within a society; it defines changes within a system and will always seek a way to return to its normal functioning state. As Parsons stated, Pickton followed this social theory as he thought he was bringing balance to society by eliminating the lower class of females. Parsons also mentioned, When part of the system breaks down, it is necessary for the other components of the society to take over the function of the missing social structure or to assist with the recreation of the malfunctioning social structure. This supports Picktons choice in achieving structural functionalism by the removal of the lower class which consisted of females. Anthropology Perspective: Anthropology is the social science perspective of studying people and their culture. Anthropology exists to explore a variety of social phenomena. A benefit associated with anthropology is that its research lies in the huge perspective on the development and sustainability of human culture. This social science perspective poses questions concerning the continuation of poverty, racism, violence and social inequality in the world. There are four main types of anthropology; including linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology, and biological or physical anthropology. Each type studies different aspects of people and their respective cultures including questions such as; why do humans have such different ways of thinking, living and acting? This is the social science perspective of anthropology. Robert Picktons social interactions and relationships were not fully established. Pickton lived his life in rejection; he was rejected of all social interactions which later led to his rage and intolerance against women. Picktons childhood was lived in neglect and the omitting of social interactions with other kids his age. The entire cause for this rejection was because of his mother, a female figure who was very brutal and hostile to the young Robert Pickton. This inevitably led to anger being stored throughout Picktons life towards women and thus the targeted attacking of women by Pickton. Pickton thought of his values and morals over others, specifically prostitutes (again targeting women). Pickton already thought of women as poor and inferior to males, now including prostitution he believed that those women did not deserve to live amongst society and him. Robert believed that to earn a living an individual should go through pain and hardship but prostitution in his perspective c learly did not show that. He believed prostitution made an earning with pleasure in life and not pain; he believed that individuals should earn a living from physical labour and pain. Robert would never feel any sympathy for women especially prostitutes, thus his guilt-free attitude in killing these specified group of women. Robert King Merton bases his interpretation of society using the functionalist perspective. Functionalism is a method for understanding how social institutions fill social needs.  Every custom or practice in society provides a form of stability for the entire system. This seems like a grand theory but social institutions provide for the physical and psychological needs for its society members.  Sex is a practice of functionalism as it is a physical and psychological need for humans. Pickton was a very shy and quiet individual but he acquired sex because it stored up inside of him. Pickton would host wild parties and orgies to release his chaotic thoughts. This also explains why Pickton would have sex with the women he would kidnap and then kill her, it is a practice of Picktons functionalism and this describes the social science perspective of anthropology. Hypothesis: Psychoanalysis, Functionalism and Feminism Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory founded in the late 19th century and early 20th century by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. In involves the inherited constitution of personality which is an individuals development determined by events in their childhood. Cognition, human behaviour and experience are largely determined by irrational drives. Mental disturbances from psychology occur when there are conflicts between conscious and unconscious material. Functionalisms core idea is that mental states are constituted solely by their functional role. It is a theoretical level between physical implementation and behavioural output. Functionalism is a method for understanding how social institutions fill social needs. Every custom or practice in society provides a form of stability for the entire system. This seems like a grand theory but social institutions provide for the physical and psychological needs for its society members. Feminism examines the perspective of women and their rights within a society, specifically a male dominated society. To understand and comprehend a serial killer as to what his/her motives are it is important to instigate an investigation. Through this investigation it is important to determine the unconscious and conscious mind of the serial killer by taking a look at their ego. This investigation will determine the drive of the serial killer as to what they wish to achieve, what pleasure they wish to achieve etc. Functionalists regard crime as a necessary guideline in society because it sets moral guidelines and rules through legal punishment. An increase in criminal behaviour loses the societys trust whereas a decrease in criminal behaviour illustrates that individuals have no freedom or individuality. When determining a serial killer it is important to gain information of the insights of the psychoanalytic, feminist and functionalist perspectives. These three perspectives combined can determine and give a thorough understanding of a serial killers ambition, pleasure and the ego of the criminal.

Cleopatra :: essays research papers

Cleopatra’s father was Ptolemy XII, who began his rule of Egypt in 80 BC but he was not respected and thought to be weak. His nickname was â€Å"Auletes†, which means flute player in Greek. Cleopatra’s mother could possibly be Cleopatra V, who either died or disappeared in 68 BC. Cleopatra had two older sisters, two younger brothers, and one younger sister.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ptolemy XII ruled until his death in 51 BC. His will said that Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII were heirs to the throne. The two married and jointly ruled Egypt. Ptolemy II had established these brother-sister marriages as custom, when he married his sister Arsinoe II. Cleopatra and her brother ruled jointly, though the marriage was solely in law. Cleopatra was about 18, and Ptolemy XIII was about 10. They were named King and Queen of Egypt in 51 BC. Cleopatra did most of the ruling and left her brother out it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ptolemy served as a puppet for power-hungry advisors and in 48 BC kicked Cleopatra out of the palace. Cleopatra retaliated by building her own army outside the city. Cleopatra knew that she had to get to Caesar and tell her side of the story. She had herself smuggled into the palace in a rug. The young Queen enchanted Caesar, and the two spent the night together. Ptolemy XIII was called to the audience and was dismayed to see that Cleopatra was at his side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What was a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII, evolved onto a war between Ptolemy XIII and Caesar? Caesar had given Cyprus back to Egypt, and Arsinoe IV and Ptolemy XIV were named rulers. Arsinoe appeared to believe that she should also be Queen of Egypt, because of her alliance with Ptolemy XIII against Caesar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caesar may have had Pothinus beheaded because of what he did to Pompey, or he may have died in the fighting. Way, he was either dead or missing. Ptolemy XIII, hearing of this, threw his crown down and stormed out of the palace. He supposedly later drowned trying to leave the city. Caesar took prisoner Arsinoe IV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cleopatra was then restored to the throne and again married to her brother, Ptolemy XIV. It was 47 BC, and Cleopatra was 22 years old, and Ptolemy XIV was 12. Cleopatra again acted as sole ruler, and this time managed to keep Ptolemy XIV from influence. Since Arsinoe IV was considered a traitor, Cyprus was now under the direct rule of Cleopatra

Balance in the Administration of Justice Security

Recent American polls have suggested that Americans, in a bid to reducing terrorism threats, do not mind sacrificing some of their freedom. The choices faced are usually two; a free country which is prone to terrorist attacks, and a restricted country that is free from terrorism. These are hard choices to make, especially with the view that no restrictions can guarantee absence of a terrorist attack, they merely reduce the chances of occurrence. Some people see no conflict between security and liberty, and instead view security as a means to liberty.Proper governments use police powers, both military and domestic, to safeguard the liberty of its citizens. According to Coutu (2006), abrogation, cannot however be used to safeguard individual freedom. Governments that use police powers arbitrarily, destroy the values that they are supposed to secure. Before these governments use police powers to place people under surveillance, question them, arrest them, prosecute them, and in internat ional threats, attack enemy countries, they should have comprehensive evidence of threat to the citizens of its country.This principle is used even in times of war, although procedures and standards, of prosecution and evidence may change. For example, if a certain country supports terrorists, the government has the right to screen or ban citizens arriving from that country. During war, the government has also the right to imprison or execute enemy combatants, without public trials. The major bone of contention when balancing the needs of the justice system and the individual rights of the people, is the perception that individual rights have been trampled on, when enforcing security regulations.Such rights as freedom of movement, freedom of expression, and rights of privacy are seen to be curtailed, when enforcing security regulations, such as using torture to obtain information, monitoring phone calls to obtain information, and checking IDs when screening people. These three issue s are analyzed below, including my suggestions, as a justice administrator, on how to deal with them, so as to balance needs of the justice system and the individual rights of the people. Issues involved in regulation of security. Use of torture to obtain informationAccording to Coutu and Simon (2007), torture has long been used as a means of extracting information from suspects or prisoners. In the United States, the US army and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) are the most notorious government agents that have been reported to use torture in extracting information. In fact, both of them have courses on torture, in their training manuals. Torture is normally conducted in dark rooms, which have no toilets and windows, and its aim is to threaten the suspect into giving information, due to belief that lack of cooperation will lead to physical and emotional trauma.There have been many instances where the US army has been caught torturing prisoners, the most notable in the Iraqi pr isons, and Guantanamo bay, Cuba. The exposure by the media has however led to decrease in such human rights violations. In instances of war, it is difficult for soldiers to balance between the freedom of a person and security obligations. This is because a war is a life and death situation, and does not allow the leisure of thinking rationally before acting, especially when in a battle scene.However, in case prisoners are captured, in my opinion as a justice administrator, the security obligations should only outweigh individual rights, and allow reasonable level of torture, if either of three conditions are met. The prisoner should have information that is; crucial to saving lives of other people, will help in achievement of the war mission, or will help prevent further destruction of property. As stated above, reasonable level of torture should be used in these circumstances, and it must be carried out in the presence of a qualified physician.In case it is not during a war situati on, my opinion is a fourth condition is introduced; that a court of law should be convinced that there is evidence that suggests, that torture is the only means that can be used to extract that information. Monitoring phone calls to obtain security threats. According to Stephens and Glenn (2006), telephone and wire taps have been used to obtain information, by third parties, for a relatively long time. Its history can be traced to as early as 1890s and has been carried out in the US, under several presidents.Wire tapping has for many years been used to catch spies, or to spy against foreign countries with a view of obtaining strategic information. However, it has taken a different dimension recently, and is largely used to either catch criminals in the act, or to prevent crimes from happening. This involves tapping the telephones that are used or placing bugging devices close to suspects, so that they might capture their conversation. There have been calls for restriction of wire ta ps, since it is seen as violation of the right of privacy.This is especially true because of the tendency of government agents to abuse such powers, and tap phones, even where there is no accompanying evidence to suggest a crime. When deciding on the use of wire taps, it is important to weigh the security of the wider public, against the rights of the individual. In case the security threat outweighs the rights of the individual, wire taps may be used. However, before wire taps are used, in my opinion as a justice administrator, a court of law has to authorize it, and three conditions must be satisfied.The first is that, it should be proved that there is evidence against a suspect that links him or her to committing, or trying to commit a crime. The second is the alleged crime has to be material enough to warrant a wire tap. The third is that there should be no other possible way to link the suspect to the crime, other than use of a wire tap, and that the chances of its success shou ld be reasonably high. In this case, the security of the wider public will have out weighed the individual freedom, and use of phone taps will be reasonable. ID checks in screening peopleSince the September 11, 2001 attacks, there has been increase in checking of IDs, as a preventive measure against criminal activity. IDs are checked when using airlines, checking into hotels, entering a government building and sometimes even entering a hospital. These checks are all aimed at ensuring security prevails, but some people see it as invasion of privacy, and restricting freedom of movement. When trying to balance liberty and security, it is imperative that a cost benefit analysis is done, and benefits of such measures weighed against costs.In this case, checking IDs should have more benefits against costs, but that is not the case. In fact, according to Toner (2002), all the September 11 terrorist attacks were carried out by people with IDs; some were fake, others were genuine. They carri ed them since they expected to be asked for them. IDs are very easily forged, and are readily available; teenagers use them often to enter clubs when they are under-aged. IDs are also useless to check, if there is no accompanying profile; this means merely having an ID of a criminal without knowledge that he or she is one, does not have any benefit.Presence of profiles divides people into two classes; those that fit the profile and are thus screened cautiously, and those who do not fit the profile and are thus not screened very cautiously. This exposes a very dangerous third category of those who are criminals but do not fit the profile. Examples are Timothy McVeigh, the Oklahoma bomber, and John Allen, the Washington sniper. In such circumstances, it is clear that benefits of ID checks are lower than their costs, the cost being intrusion of privacy and freedom of movement.In my opinion as a justice administrator, it is important to cease such checks, since they limit freedom and li berty, without reasonable benefits on security of the wider public. The police should use other approaches such as random checks, which are less predictable than regular checks. Changes in technology and mass communication and effects on justice and security areas. The advent of globalization has turned the world into a global village. According to Waldron (2003), it is possible to carry out business activities, communicate, learn, share ideas, and so much more, with anyone in any part of the world, through the Internet.Mobile phone technology has also made it possible for people in all corners of the world to communicate and interact with one another. This is the reason that e-mails and mobile phones have played an important role in many people's lives. However, criminals have also had access to these forms of communication and interaction, which has presented a danger to the society. Technology has enabled criminals to carry out their activities faster, and with higher precision. Technology has enabled them to communicate faster amongst themselves, and obtain information about their targets.Changes in technology have also been the downfall of criminals. Through use of mobile phones and emails, criminals have left traces of their criminal activities and identities. This is because communication between themselves can be recorded, fingerprints and DNA can be ‘lifted' from crime scenes, and data can be recovered from computers and phones that they use. This has been the key to solving many crimes, since it places the suspects at the crime scene, and may unearth crucial evidence to use in prosecution. This is what investigators have relied on, over the years.New technology has enabled investigators to be able to monitor suspects' movements and communication through ‘bugs' placed on phones that record conversations and cameras that monitor movements of suspects. However, there has been cases where investigators have abused their powers, by illegally l istening to conversations of people, without evidence that they are potential suspects. This is what has been regarded by people as restricting the freedom of privacy. Mass media has played a very important role in highlighting issues regarding to liberty and security of citizens.The media has played a very important role, especially with regards to exposing human rights abuses by US soldiers, both in Iraqi prisons and Guantanamo bay, in Cuba. In both instances, the media exposed torture on unarmed prisoners, and in other cases, on non-combatants. This was previously restricted to the closed walls of prison, but once it was exposed, the abuses had to cease, due to the spotlight on the soldiers. The mass media can thus be said to have played a crucial role in restoring justice, in that respect. ConclusionIt is evident that the balance between individual rights and the administration of security is difficult. This is because some people complain, when administration of security is don e, under the guise of violation of their rights. On the other hand, when crimes are committed, they are the first ones to blame the security agencies. This makes it a very delicate affair and the administrators of justice should ensure that a balance between the two is maintained. This can be done by weighing the benefits of the administration of security to the wider public, against the rights of the individual.If the benefits to the wider public outweigh those of the individual, then the security measures should be performed. Another way of ensuring the balance of security and individual rights, especially during a war situation, is to make sure that the decision to torture someone should be guided by saving of lives, accomplishing of war objectives, or saving of property. However, it should be noted that during war, torture should be done to reasonable levels, and that a qualified physician should be present.In absence of war, torture should be approved by a court of law, after e xamining evidence presented, and ruling that torture is inevitable. In the case of phone taps, this should only be allowed after a court of law weighs evidence produced, and concludes that phone taps are the best way of obtaining evidence against the suspect, under such circumstances. ID checks should only be allowed if done at random, since the criminals do not anticipate them. References. Coutu, M. (2006). The Aftermath of 11 September 2001: Liberty Vs. Security. Washington: OUP. Coutu, N.E. , Simon, R. L. (2007), The Individual and the Political Order: An Introduction to Social and Political Philosophy. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Stephens, O. H. , Glenn, R. A. (2006), Unreasonable Searches and Seizures: Rights and Liberties Under the Law. Chicago: ABC-CLIO. Toner, R. (2002). A nation challenged: The terrorism fight; civil liberty vs security. New York Times. Retrieved on October 23, 2008 from . Waldron, J. (2003). Security and liberty: The image of balance. The Journal of Pol itical Philosophy. Boston: Blackwell Synergy.

Content Of Professional Ethics For Accountants Accounting Essay

IntroductionCode of professional behavior for comptrollers, is the basic content of professional moralss for comptrollers, which the comptrollers should follow in the business activity and is used to set the behaviour of comptrollers. Along with the economic development, the behaviour criterions, the working types and the societal environment has had the alteration mostly. Meanwhile, people ‘s political orientation and value is besides altering. And the codification of moralss for professional comptrollers to breed ethical behaviour is uneffective. Lovell ( 1995 ) said: Much unfavorable judgment has been arisen at the accounting profession, such as the failure of accounting paperss and the failure of the accounting profession satisfactorily to take history of the public involvement in the finding of the hereafter of accounting and scrutinizing pattern. Many jobs have risen, such as, accounting information untruthful, accounting action ‘s nonstandard. It disarrangesA the o rder of the accounting profession. So observers have questioned the effectivity of the codification. In this article, it will discourse why the codification of professional behavior for comptrollers is uneffective. It refers five facets that are of import.BodyThere are defect and cleft bing in the system building. Related jurisprudence and codification of comptrollers are non perfect, and the system is imperfect, which carries out it can be suiting and is really easy to take advantage. Some accountant ordinances system is disused, does non accommodate with the present economic work activity, and needs to revise. Harmonizing to Reiter ( 1997 ) , there should be new paradigms for accounting pattern, in order to breed ethical behaviour of comptroller. Besides there are many sorts of accounting codification at the same clip, which affected the behaviour of members of the accounting profession. Accounting Furthermore accountant the object locates the environment of accounting is complica ted and diversified, which carries it trouble on the accurate localisation and the measuring. The definition of the comptrollers ‘ behaviour in the Torahs and ordinances is expressed, so the endeavor is really easy to run in advantage of the standard cleft. Social intermediary organisations have non carry out the codification purely independently, objectively, reasonably. Richardson, Cullen and Richardson ( 1996 ) said accounting and the comptrollers ‘ behaviour is influenced by the directors. Accounting houses and other societal mediators rely to a great extent on the purposes of director. with the drive of ferocious market competition, appetency of involvement and short-action, they go against the codification of moralss for professional comptrollers, to gain much from the company that should be audited, turn a blind oculus to the deformation of accounting information or even be an component, which damaged the independency of CPA audit services, and did non truly play an function of supervising, accounting deformation information has become inevitable. Harmonizing to Morgan ( 1996 ) , in his research, we can see that accounting contributes to the procedures of societal and organisational production is a large ground that the cod ification for comptrollers is uneffective. Social environment besides influences the actions of comptrollers. Social environment means a sort of ambiance, including a traditional wonts of idea, constructs of value, mode of behaviour, and the traditional attitude and position on the economic system. Harmonizing to Maury ( Maury & A ; McCarthy 2007 ) , he thought environment that supported these accounting and ethical. With the economic development, the behaviour criterions, the working types and the societal environment has had the alteration mostly. Meanwhile, people ‘s political orientation and value is besides altering. And the codification of moralss for professional comptrollers to breed ethical behaviour is uneffective. Many jobs have risen, such as, accounting information untruthful, accounting action ‘s nonstandard. It disarrangesA the order of the accounting profession Low qualities of comptrollers result in the ineffective of the codification. Harmonizing to Lovell ( 1995 ) , moral logical thinking and moral ambiance is cardinal facet to keep the order of accounting profession. First, it ‘s hapless self-denial. Since the development of competitory societal market economic system and the impact on values, portion of the lower moral comptrollers are frequently hard to defy enticement and adhere to the rule, so that individuality, money worship, hedonism is worse and worse. Everett and Green ( 2006 ) said that the nature of accounting virtuousnesss was altering. They earn money by non entering the income and intentionally forging, changing, hiding, destructing the accounting information. Second, many accounting staffs have a thin sense of jurisprudence. Some members of the accounting profession do non analyze jurisprudence and the method of accounting criterions, cognize small about the accounting codification, or even disregard the Torahs and ordinances. They do non set histories and supervise harmonizing to the ordinances. Last, the comptrollers have a hapless sense of professional moralss. Some comptrollers normally do non pay attending to the cultivation of professional moralss, no set up a existent thought of good religion, so in practical work, when they met with struggles of national involvements, societal involvements, unit and single involvements, they can non lodge to rules and do non move harmonizing to regulations and ordinances, instead from private involvements, made a breach of professional moralss in the behavior of accounting. Internal inadvertence mechanism is non perfect and deficiency of self-discipline mechanism. Some leaders want to derive political advantage, and capital, so they require the endeavors comptrollers to work for them. Accountants are frequently out of self-defense, output to force per unit area from the leading and inactive false histories. Some internal control system is uneffective and non implemented. With deficiency of independency, the internal audit is hard to make oversight. Effective corporate administration and internal control system is the base to transport out the codification for comptrollers.DecisionCode of professional behavior for comptrollers should be a contemplation of the accounting forces ‘s ethical motives behavior. As a codification, it ‘s used to teach the accounting, to keep the behaviour of comptrollers. Code of professional behavior for comptrollers is of import in engender ethical behaviour, which can vouch the accounting informations existent and complete, and keeping the order of the activities of comptrollers, and advancing the development of societal market economic system. This article has talked about the grounds that led the ineffective of the codification of professional behavior for comptrollers. In face with these jobs, it ‘s high clip for us to take some actions to work out it, to do a good environment for accounting and breeding ethical behaviour.Undertaking 2IntroductionAccountants take the chief duty of accounting activities, pros or cons of their ethical quality and professional quality will straight impact the quality of accounting units. There are many ethical jobs about the comptrollers which have been inferred in the Question 1, such as untruth accounting information, doing unsound information, falsifying the accounting informations, hammering verifier, and even disobeying the jurisprudence. The codification of Ethics is different from the jurisprudence. Accounting jurisprudence and ordinances as a c ompulsory criterion, it requires unconditioned in conformity with the demands of legal to move. And accounting moralss from religion, character, ability and that much more profound degree of nature and to act upon and better the quality of accounting behaviour. Following, it will speak about how to do an effectual codification of moralss for professional comptrollers and the grounds. In this portion, it relates five of import grounds, and explains them individually.BodyIt ‘s a base to amend and better the codification of accounting to beef up the edifice of the moralss for professional comptrollers. Development and betterment of the codification of accounting is basically a procedure of institutional alteration and invention. This procedure must follow the rule of effectivity. It is necessary to firmly lock the long-run reform of the accounting norm system of ends, but besides give full consideration to the building of the bing accounting standard theoretical account and the c haracteristics ; it is necessary to see the key restraints of the codification in institutional agreements, but besides to see the influence of informal establishment such as accounting environment. Effective corporate administration and internal control system is of import to the execution of codification of accounting. Tisha, Emerson, Conroy and Stanley ( 2007 ) â€Å" We postulate that accounting practicians may use a legalistic model to their appraisal of the acceptableness of each sketch. † So better the system and codification is of import. Internal Control Systems provides a good internal environment the in the operation of the codification for comptrollers in the endeavor. Internal control system can be divided into internal accounting control and internal direction control, criterion, systematic, scientific internal control system enhances the monitoring attempts of accounting criterion, which can cut down the job of non obey the codification from the beginning. Internal accounting control is the key in the internal control. The procedure of constitution of sound internal accounting control itself is the execution of the codification comptrollers in the endeavor procedure ; internal accounting control in concern operations based on criterion or another is one of the basic content of the accounting criterion. The strength of full scope of accounting supervising system is a system protect for the smooth operation of the codification for the comptrollers. First, strengthen internal accounting control system which is based on the internal audit. The internal audit has uncomparable advantages compared with the external ordinance: at foremost, the internal audit staff can take part in the enterprise day-to-day concern activities, so the information accessed is more specific, elaborate and systematic than external regulators ; what ‘s more, the internal audit belongs to the internal direction of endeavors, so it can place jobs earlier and resolved internally in progress, which can gain the trust of the leaders ; at last, the internal audit is aimed to guarantee the smooth operation of the economic and better economic benefit of the company, which is in understanding with the concluding end of the accounting and leading answerability ends. Second, set uping and bettering a full scope of ex ternal monitoring system is the warrant to the smooth execution of the codification for the comptrollers. As Donaldson ( 1982 ) said, to do the codification more effectual, it should authorise more public proceedings. External supervising include civilian inadvertence of accounting houses as the behalf of investors ; the authorities supervising implemented by the fiscal sector and other relevant sections and other signifiers of extended societal monitoring such as public sentiment. Under certain conditions, a broad scope of community supervising in peculiar public sentiment can play function of inadvertence mechanisms which other machineries are hard to make. Optimization of the action of the comptrollers is besides a cardinal facet. Optimization of the comptrollers ‘ action means to optimise the entityA to accomplishing the integrating effects of group behaviour, to better efficiency and to accomplish and make of import â€Å" capable † warrant and the environment to implement the codification. Supply a good societal environment for it besides influences the actions of comptrollers. In the sentiment of Cohen, Pant and Sharp ( 1992 ) , cultural and socioeconomic factors could hinder the credence and execution of a profession ‘s international codification of behavior. Harmonizing to Stevens ( 2008 ) † Culture and effectual communicating are cardinal constituents to a codification ‘s success. † Promotion and instruction is of import. circulate consistently and explicate accountancy professional moralss through certain agencies and methods so it can make a strong ambiance of public sentiment and bit by bi t perforate into the deepnesss of people ‘s heads which can sublimate the interior universe, better the cognitive criterions, set up a moral normative value. Another step is set an illustration for presentation. Influence the ethical behaviour of accounting practicians, through promotion and instruction on the advanced theoretical accounts. Examples can be inspirational and put forward ends which can ensue in great mental strength. -e? » c ¤?aa?†cs„?†¹Ã¢â‚¬ °aa ­-c ¬Ã‚ ¦cs„?†¹?eY?Aa ­-a†¦? – ?Y?c?†¹a ­-a†¦?e? ¦c »Ã¢â‚¬  a† Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a ®? To make an excellence belongings rights environment is of import. Social environment means a sort of ambiance, including a traditional wonts of idea, constructs of value, mode of behaviour, and the traditional attitude and position on the economic system. Clear definition of belongings rights is the chief factor for comptrollers conduct accounting activities based on the codification.DecisionThe codification for comptrollers purposes to breeding ethical behaviours, and it ‘s evident that transporting out the codification for comptrollers and bettering the ethical behaviour of comptrollers are of import in the accounting activities. From recent research, it showed that the codification is non effectual, as it says in the book of Dandago ( 2003 ) . So it ‘s high clip to take some actions, such as the five actions talked above: amending and bettering the codification, effectual corporate administration and internal control system, full scope of accounting supervising system, optimisation of the action of the comptrollers and making an excellence belongings rights environment. The codification of moralss for professional comptrollers constitutes a usher, which restricts and regulates the ethical behaviour of accounting activities. It represents the accounting profession ‘s moral duty and duty to society. Strengthen the edifice of the accounting codification of moralss can do it effectual in standardising accounting behaviour.

A Case for the Death Penalty essays

A Case for the Death Penalty essays One does not have to like the death penalty in order to support it. We may not like the death penalty, but it must be available to punish crimes of murders, cases in which any other form of punishment would be inadequate. There are times when a crime is so bad that all of society, all who call themselves human, are repulsed. These are the times when the death penalty must be upheld, and enforced. There is no point in paying thousands of dollars to keep people alive who have multiple life sentences and no chance of parole. We are simply wasting our money and filling our prisons with people who need to receive the punishment that our courts doled out. We are constantly asking the voters to build new prisons, at a huge cost to society. Then we warehouse these people, side-by-side, with people who do have a chance of being rehabilitated. A lot of these people end up dead at the hands of these criminals. What part of this makes sense? We need to take responsibility for running our society and just do what the courts ask. No excuses! A human life deserves special protection, and one of the best ways to guarantee that protection is to assure each citizen that convicted will not be allowed to kill again. Some people argue that the death penalty is handed out in a discriminatory manner. But should we stop the government from pursuing justice based on perhaps one or two false, or unfortunate, cases. We should not throw out our laws just because of one situation. Others argue that the death penalty is simply state sanctioned murder. Many people in our country believe that capital punishment s not the answer to the problem of crime. They feel that it is cruel. Most other countries have repealed it as a form of punishment. In the United States, it is decided upon at the state level. W ...

Thank You, M’am Essay Essays

Thank You, M’am Essay Essays Thank You, M’am Essay Paper Thank You, M’am Essay Paper Indirect word picture is when the writer makes the reader utilize his ain judgement to make up ones mind what a character is like. In â€Å"Thank You. M’am† . by Langston Hughes. Mrs Jones was described as a big black adult females with a big bag. She was decoded as really austere by keeping him tightly and stating â€Å"Pick up my pocketbook† ( Hughes 86 ) . Besides an illustration from the short narrative was when â€Å"Mrs Jones stopped. jerked him around in forepart of her. set a half Nelson about his cervix. and continued to drag him up the street† ( Hughes 86 ) . In â€Å"Thank You. M’am† . by Langston Hughes. the writer uses indirect word picture to demo Mrs Jones’ attitude and personality in the short narrative. Mrs Jones visual aspect and personality is revealed by utilizing indirect word picture. For illustration. â€Å"She was a big adult females with a big bag that had everything in it but a cock and nails† ( Hughes 86 ) . This quotation mark describes the visual aspect of Mrs Jones by stating she was a big adult females. This means that she was a really prepared and was really organized. â€Å"Now here. take this 10 dollars and purchase yourself some bluish suede shoes† ( Hughes 86 ) . This shows that she is really sort hearted even thou she appeared mean. She really had trust in him non to steal anything and so gave him 10 dollars. about like a wages. By utilizing indirect word picture. you are able to happen Mrs Jones visual aspect and personality in the narrative without the writer straight stating you!

Match and Water in a Glass Science Magic Trick

Match and Water in a Glass Science Magic Trick This is a simple and interesting science magic trick involving fire and water. All you need is water, a glass, a plate, and a couple of matches. Pour water into a plate, light a match in the center of the dish and cover it with a glass. The water will be drawn into the glass. Match and Water Trick Materials PlateWater2 wooden matchesA quarter or other large coinColored waterNarrow glass How to Perform the Trick Pour water into the plate. I colored the water with food coloring to make it easier to see.Bend one of the matches so that you can set it in the water. Secure the match so that it is upright by setting a quarter or other small heavy object on the end of the matchstick.Use the second match to light the match that you placed on the plate.Immediately invert a glass over the burning match.The water will flow into the glass and will remain in the glass even after the match has been extinguished. How It Works The heat of the flame imparts energy to the gas trapped under the glass, raising its pressure and pushing against the water. When the flame is extinguished the air cools. Less pressure is exerted against the water, allowing it to flow into the glass.

Week 7 Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 7 Analysis - Case Study Example The company instituted a policy that allowed its customers to check-in two bags free of charge. Most airlines in the industry charge their customers $15 to $25 per bag. The strategy has been very effective because during recessionary times customers are looking for ways to save. Transportation – Southwest Airlines operates in an industry in which overhead costs are very high. The company might be foregoing a lot of income by not charging its customers money for transporting their bags. Integrated Marketing – The company is using an integrated marketing campaign in which the firm is attempting to steal market share from other companies by promoting its free bag policy. The organization might have made a mistake within its strategy by becoming the first airline in the industry to charge for carry-on bags to highlight the benefits of free bag handling. Promotional Mix – The firm’s promotional mix has been effective, but the company might not be focusing on other revenues opportunities such as increasing the amount of business flyers that utilize the firm’s services. Target market – The marketing strategy of the company is targeting flyers that are looking for a bargain price. The firm’s strategy is not focusing enough on obtaining recurrent flyers. Based on Pareto’s 80-20 rule 80% of a firm’s business comes from 20% of its customers (Starak). Public relations – The public relations campaigns of the company focus a lot on how fun it is to fly with the company. The firm might be better off by illustrating to its customers how much more value the firm offers through its combination of lower prices and free bag handling. Value based purchasing brings together information about the quality of the product or service (Ahrq). The case study is a good illustration of how companies can take advantage of recessionary times to increase their market share. Often people believe that during a recession all businesses have

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Answer the question - Assignment Example Attitudinal content defines the third kind of meaning transmitted by messages. The attitudinal content indicates the required attitude that the recipient should exhibit (Posner, 2003). Although the curriculum affects the lives of students directly and defines the responsibilities of teachers, curriculum development involves debates by politicians. Notably, politicians at the federal and state levels play a critical role in curriculum development because they debate bills related to education and pass them into laws for implementation. Politicians are also policy makers determining the process of curriculum development. Curriculum development should reflect the progression made by the society. Therefore, politicians and other policy makers should be more critical when designing the modern curriculum. Teachers, school administrators, parents, and other stakeholders in the education system should actively participate in the development of innovations that define the process of curriculum development. Community members and the society should also play a part in curriculum development. Therefore, only politicians should not conduct curriculum development. In my opinion, the curriculum should be organized in accordance with critical criteria such as continuity, sequence, and integration. I have the conviction that the organization of the curriculum should be based on the experience of the learners. Such a design gives attention to the needs and the interests of the students and is likely to have outcomes that are more positive. Experience based curriculum organization promotes experiential learning, which prepares learners for the challenges in the real world. Organizing the curriculum using a subject-based design may also present positive outcomes. The subject-based design outlines the different subjects as well as the content in each subject. Such a design makes it easier for teachers to cover their content and for students to choose their area of interest (p.

What is information technology How is it changing our working lives Essay

What is information technology How is it changing our working lives - Essay Example sts that Information Technology is here and it will stay on for a very long period of time, until it gets replaced by some other advanced technology in the times to come (Wehn 1998). What is most important to decipher on the part of a world citizen is that Information Technology has played such a vital role in changing the lives of the people that it is almost impossible to negate the positives which have been brought about with the passage of time. Also what could be expected from Information Technology in the future remains a mystery because the marvels embedded within the domains of the same remain to be seen in the times to follow. Information Technology is an enabling force because it makes people think of the possibilities and eventualities that can arise from its incorporation within the systems and procedures of the present times. The manner in which Information Technology has come about as a facilitating agent has made even the staunchest critics realize that its due role is immense and Information Technology will be able to pave the way between the link that remains in a person’s needs and his desires. The gadgets, electrical appliances, cell phones, laptops, etc are all the marvels of Information Technology and many other things are also bracketed under the same heading (Wulf 1995). Information Technology makes use of the communication mechanisms that are there amongst the people and their desires so that their most potent needs could be fulfilled in the most feasible manner. If these needs are not properly addressed, there is enough room to make amends so that the ranks of Information Technology are taken care of in the most apt manner possible. Also what summarizes the debate of Information Technology stems from the fact what researchers have been able to devise with the passage of time and what they expect from the same in the times to come (Diwan 2002). These researchers and scientists believe that Information Technology is a force that will

Managing Challenging Behaviour in Mental Heath Essay

Managing Challenging Behaviour in Mental Heath - Essay Example The primary information from this program would be supported by previous works by various scholars borrowed from books on mental health nursing and journals on mental health, mental health nursing and intellectual disability. Rationale There are various behaviours that people consider as challenging. Examples among those with learning disabilities include self injury, violence, ambivalence, sexual disinhibition, non-compliance and substance abuse (Callaghan & Waldock 2012). Considering adults with learning disability, Neno, Aveyard and Heath identified repetitive actions, screaming, shouting, running away and resisting care as some common challenging behaviour (2007). According to NHS (2012), challenging behaviour would be mostly observed among people who have conditions affecting the brain and communication like dementia and learning disability. Since communication defines human interaction with one another, its breakdown becomes a problem, leading to frustration which yields challe nging behaviour. If it leads to an outcome desired by the victim, then it could be repeated over and over again. The challenges experienced with these behaviours could be as a result of the support given or denied and problems resulting from inability to understand the things happening in the environment and how to communicate what such persons want. Having seen people with challenging behaviours in almost all the areas I have been working from as nursing student, I feel that learning how to manage such behaviours would be of paramount importance in my future profession as a mental health nurse. 1. Undertake and critically evaluate your transition activity Among the key areas of challenging behaviours that I undertook to train on included an evaluation of some of the common challenging behaviours, risk assessment, risk reduction and incidence prevention and treatment for those exhibiting such behaviours including forceful restraint. In as much as there was some focus on the role of the community, much emphasis was laid on my role as a mental health nurse in managing such situations. Understanding these facts from my perspective as a mental health nurse would be critical in my future role when handling people with learning disabilities. As noted by Emerson and Hatton (2008), these are the people who are likely to exhibit such behaviours. Much of the observed phenomena were from my experience having interacted with people with challenging behaviour in most of my undertakings. However, in this transition program, the observed phenomena were qualified with credible citation of supportive theories and findings from various scholars. I adopted the proposition by Ritter and Lampkin (2012) who categorised the triggers of challenging behaviours into primary, secondary and consequent. According to these scholars, primary causes are a result of the service user’s mental illness such as aggression when such a person hears voices. Secondary triggers result from symp toms of an illness which results in the service user responding negatively against other persons. Finally, consequential triggers would be caused by mental illness which leads to seeking for attention. However, it has always been difficult for me to identify a single cause of challenging behaviours in a person. Perhaps, the argument by the Xeniditis, Russel and Murphy (2012) that there would not be a unitary common cause associated with these behaviours. Having understood the causes of these behaviours, the transition program

The Grand Rapids Michigan Furniture Strike of 1911 Essay

The Grand Rapids Michigan Furniture Strike of 1911 - Essay Example Grand Rapids workforce was within a few ways in advance of to a large extent of the state in provisos of manual labor categorized & division awareness. The fundamental manual labor assemblage, the  Knights of Labor, embarked on management in Grand Rapids in 1883 & was prominent in receiving Grand Rapids to be solitary of the primary metropolis to commemorate May Day following the  1886 Haymarket mutiny. The KOL too acquired associates nominated to the Grand Rapids municipality charge at the closing stages of the 19th  Century & near the beginning fraction of the 20th  Century. Next toward the identical era the workforce were systematizing, the home production privileged were in addition running on top of conduct to engender further affluence and opinionated have power over all through the metropolis. The furnishings corporation proprietor were a rigid interlace faction that engaged a propos one third of the labor force in the near the beginning part of the 20th  Century & h ad initiated their personal furnishings maker organization in 1881 trailed via an owner society in 1905 that had notice certificate on each employee in the furnishings production. Additionally, the furnishings mugger magnate had as well instigated to be in charge of a vast deal of the neighborhood bank and intertwined structure of to be in command of inside the furnishings manufacturing amid proprietor sitting additional panel of administrators of apiece other corporations (Powell, 2007).  In truth, the intertwined scheme of industrial unit proprietor & the neighborhood depository arrangement was therefore so noteworthy that they were below examination pro infringement of antitrust act. The rampant affluence of the furnishings tycoon & the mounting manual labor strife around the state that was belligerent pro an eight hour exertion daylight hours, improved earnings, improved functioning environment & the desire to organize was the ideal framework for a colossal clout in 1911. Pres ently there are incongruity above the definite numeral of workforce who went on the clout, bar nearly all historians give the impression in the direction to place the figure at 4,000 originally & while numerous as 7,200 next to the conclusion of the four month clout. Workforce jointly sauntered off the post on April 19, 1911 in remonstration in opposition to the furnishings proprietor deficient of rejoinder to employee demand. April 19 was in addition the date subsequent to the furnishings manufacturer organization had in print a reaction to the workforce pronounce so as to that they wouldn't consent to communal haggle. The clout swelled rapidly & integrated the prop up of the Mayor & the Catholic Church underneath the headship of Bishop. Ultimately the furnishings proprietor pulled in strike breakers to endeavor to maintain the industrial unit unwraps and generating. Subsequent the objection on 19th April 1911, manufacturing entity landowner akin to Harry Widdicomb warren within th eir heel, & implemented their preeminent to preserve make up via means of conveying within supplementary physical employee. Umbrage elevated amid the conspicuous labor force. Anxiety flew into a rage on 15th May subsequent to Widdicomb shot to pressurize industrial action breaker in the route of the workplace all the way through a mass of a propos 1,200 protester & followers amassed on the John Widdicomb Co. on Fifth Street NW. That belatedly daylight, populace poured

Analysis of a management practitioner article using relevant Essay

Analysis of a management practitioner article using relevant organisational behaviour theory - Essay Example Taylor to a certain extent stressed that just monetary reward will motivate workers to perform better. Even though production dramatically increased, resentment and anger towards management ran high. The biggest impact that changed the outlook of the management world was the Hawthorne Studies (1923 - 1933), which indirectly established that workers motivate to other factors other than money and that they will perform better when they are appreciated. From then on theories that specifically stressed employee behaviour emerged. There is a marked difference in the approaches of the early theorists, and modern thinkers. While the early theories stressed that workers were motivated by money and that there were no conflict of interest between the goals of the workers and the organization. Now it is universally recognized that organizations are social entities and not just economic ones, workers are not motivated by money alone, there can exist conflict of interest between the employees' and organizational goals, employees need not always behave logically and existence of informal groups affect employee behaviour. "These studies added much to our knowledge of human behaviour in organizations and created pressure for management to change the traditional ways of managing human resources. The Human Relations Movement pushed managers toward gaining participative support of lower levels of the organization in solving organization problems. The Movement also fostered a more open and trusting environment and a greater emphasis on groups rather than just individuals" (Wertheim). A theory known as Theory Z has incorporated American and Japanese Management practices was propounded by Mr. William Ouchi in 1981. The salient points of this theory is efforts to provide long term employment, a hand in decision making, individual responsibility in the place of collective responsibility, slow evaluation of work and slow promotion and a concern toward the not only the employee but his family as well. "In 1981, William Ouchi came up with a method that would combine American and Japanese managing practice together to form Theory Z. In order for him to accomplish this, he had to learn about the Japanese culture. He had to find out why the Japanese quality and productivity were much higher than the American" (Colon). Literature review Organisational behaviour is the study of the behaviour of the human resources and its impact on the organisation. "Organisational Behaviour (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations" (Organisational behaviour. 2007). Organisational behaviour is the sum total of the behaviour of the employees in the organisation. The attitude of the management has great influence over the organisational behaviour. A better interpersonal relationship is very essential for a better organisational be

The Grand Rapids Michigan Furniture Strike of 1911 Essay

The Grand Rapids Michigan Furniture Strike of 1911 - Essay Example Grand Rapids workforce was within a few ways in advance of to a large extent of the state in provisos of manual labor categorized & division awareness. The fundamental manual labor assemblage, the  Knights of Labor, embarked on management in Grand Rapids in 1883 & was prominent in receiving Grand Rapids to be solitary of the primary metropolis to commemorate May Day following the  1886 Haymarket mutiny. The KOL too acquired associates nominated to the Grand Rapids municipality charge at the closing stages of the 19th  Century & near the beginning fraction of the 20th  Century. Next toward the identical era the workforce were systematizing, the home production privileged were in addition running on top of conduct to engender further affluence and opinionated have power over all through the metropolis. The furnishings corporation proprietor were a rigid interlace faction that engaged a propos one third of the labor force in the near the beginning part of the 20th  Century & h ad initiated their personal furnishings maker organization in 1881 trailed via an owner society in 1905 that had notice certificate on each employee in the furnishings production. Additionally, the furnishings mugger magnate had as well instigated to be in charge of a vast deal of the neighborhood bank and intertwined structure of to be in command of inside the furnishings manufacturing amid proprietor sitting additional panel of administrators of apiece other corporations (Powell, 2007).  In truth, the intertwined scheme of industrial unit proprietor & the neighborhood depository arrangement was therefore so noteworthy that they were below examination pro infringement of antitrust act. The rampant affluence of the furnishings tycoon & the mounting manual labor strife around the state that was belligerent pro an eight hour exertion daylight hours, improved earnings, improved functioning environment & the desire to organize was the ideal framework for a colossal clout in 1911. Pres ently there are incongruity above the definite numeral of workforce who went on the clout, bar nearly all historians give the impression in the direction to place the figure at 4,000 originally & while numerous as 7,200 next to the conclusion of the four month clout. Workforce jointly sauntered off the post on April 19, 1911 in remonstration in opposition to the furnishings proprietor deficient of rejoinder to employee demand. April 19 was in addition the date subsequent to the furnishings manufacturer organization had in print a reaction to the workforce pronounce so as to that they wouldn't consent to communal haggle. The clout swelled rapidly & integrated the prop up of the Mayor & the Catholic Church underneath the headship of Bishop. Ultimately the furnishings proprietor pulled in strike breakers to endeavor to maintain the industrial unit unwraps and generating. Subsequent the objection on 19th April 1911, manufacturing entity landowner akin to Harry Widdicomb warren within th eir heel, & implemented their preeminent to preserve make up via means of conveying within supplementary physical employee. Umbrage elevated amid the conspicuous labor force. Anxiety flew into a rage on 15th May subsequent to Widdicomb shot to pressurize industrial action breaker in the route of the workplace all the way through a mass of a propos 1,200 protester & followers amassed on the John Widdicomb Co. on Fifth Street NW. That belatedly daylight, populace poured

Health promotion initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health promotion initiative - Essay Example It should be noted that the area is crime prone and incidences of drug abuse are very common. According to records, a portion of the population shared needles from intravenous drug use and there is widespread homosexual promiscuity. In the 1990s, the Belle Glade community had the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the United States. The AIDS scourge is widespread in the entire area cutting across all the major demographics of Hispanics and Black Americans. One of the reasons for the high AIDS prevalence rate is the sharing of needles used in intravenous drug injections. The high risk people include drug users who are also engaged in promiscuity. Lack of knowledge and information about AIDS contributes to the high prevalence rates in the region especially among the gay people. These high risk people are not equipped with the right information on AIDS and therefore inadvertently put themselves and the entire community at a high risk of infection. It is therefore important to undertake a health promotion initiative in Belle Glade community so as to curb the issue of HIV/AIDS. Notably, measures have to be put in place to ensure that new infection cases are eliminated and those that are infected get the right information to live in a healthy manner. It is also important to note that the use of drugs and high rates of promiscuity play a major role in the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Belle Glade community. Therefore, the health promotion is intended to cover the whole spectrum of HIV/AIDS spread and infection management. According to the Ottawa Charter (1986), health promotion is based on the social ecological factors that determine the health of the society. Health promotion initiatives aim at mobilizing resources for good health. It should be noted that health promotion is salute-genetic and it involves a multi sectoral approach. Based on the Ottawa

Replacing Fossil Fuels | Dissertation

Replacing Fossil Fuels | Dissertation Abstract This research provides guidance as to the most successful style of renewable energy in replacing the current dominant fossil fuels in the future. This success is based on a number of key variables, not least the implications of cost, management and longevity that are intertwined with developing, installing and running a renewable energy source. The case-study focused on the four main types of renewable energy, solar power, wind power, biomass energy and geothermal energy and came to some interesting conclusions. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative research was used, with the majority of the findings coming from the qualitative research. However, the quantitative research was in the form of two case studies highlighting the effectiveness of two types of renewable energy in certain household situations and how the energy can replace that of traditional fossil fuels. The findings show that while no one particular renewable energy type gained a majority backing from the research, knowledge about these types of energy is still perhaps too limited for any person to make a correct and informed choice as to the development of renewable energy. The qualitative research indicated that there are many strengths and weaknesses to each type of energy, while the quantitative research stressed that in certain situations renewable can be very effective. Another key finding of the literature was that general knowledge and understanding of renewable energy is not at an acceptable level in terms of the general public and leads to the recommendation of increased awareness. Aims and Objectives This section is designed to provide a detailed overview of the research aims and objectives of the present dissertation and the research questions that the study will try to answer in as comprehensive a manner as possible within time and resource constraints. Research Aim The aim of this study is to establish the possible options for renewable energy available in the United Kingdom for future use. This will be conducted through a comparative analysis of the four main types of renewable energy currently available, solar energy, wind, biomass and geothermal energy. The main aim of the research is to: o Identify successful alternatives to the non-renewable energies in the United Kingdom In order to achieve this, a number of objectives will need to be met. The aim of the research is to be able to conclude with clarity, the most attractive option or options available to the United Kingdom and its government in terms of renewable energy, for the current day and moreover, into the future. The uncertain prospect of the traditional non-renewable energies, coal, oil and natural gas, have meant that renewable energies have had to be developed with the aim that in the future, these newer, more environmentally friendly options will gradually take over the burden of energy supply in the United Kingdom. Research Objectives Based on the research aim outlined in the previous subsection, the research objectives that the present study will seek to achieve are as listed below: o To undertake an investigation into the four main sources of renewable energy; these include Solar Energy, Wind, Biomass and Geothermal energy. o To gain an understanding of the history and development of these energies is needed to fully understand the extent to which the United Kingdom can rely on them in the future. o An analysis of the benefits and disadvantages of each particular type of renewable energy o To explore how well the government is backing renewable energy with incentives o To examine the financial implications – to gain an insight to how much renewable energy will cost in installation, what grants are available? o To examine design implications – installation of renewable sources, aesthetic, dimensional requirements. Research Questions There are particular research questions that will need to be addressed when attempting to analyse possible future energy alternatives. These include: * How significant is the extent of cost when attempting to replace non-renewable energies with the more environmentally friendly types? * How far does the government wish to develop all four types of energy? Do they have a particular idea as the market share that each one should ideally hold on providing energy to the United Kingdom? * What can history tell the research about the likelihood that these renewable energy methods will succeed over a longer period? * Can (and will) these renewable energies ever fully replace the non-renewable energies that the United Kingdom (and globally) has relied heavily and dependently upon since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? The research will attempt to address these questions and objectives whilst trying to meet the aim of the entire project; identifying successful long term strategies to replace dwindling non-renewable energy sources with abundant renewable sources while still enabling the United Kingdom to grow and hold its position of relative power and influence on a global scale. 1: Introduction Ever since the realisation that non-renewable energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas) are exactly as the description suggests, and that the level of these are reducing rapidly due to the global appetite for energy consumption in the continuing race for power, influence and development, it has been apparent that renewable energy sources would have to be developed to enable this global growth to continue. The United Kingdom, whilst overtaken in recent years by countries such as the United States and China in terms of energy consumption, has had a history intertwined with this notion. The Industrial Revolution, beginning in the United Kingdom in the 18th Century, acted as a catalyst for the rapid consumption of a large proportion of the world’s traditional, non-renewable energy sources. This has led to the necessity of developing renewable energy forms to supplement these more traditional energy types, with the aim to take over the burden of energy supply in the future. Brown (cited in Miller Spoolman, 2008:211) states that in terms of history, the 19th Century belonged to coal and the 20th Century to oil. However, the 21st Century will belong to the sun, the wind and energy from within the earth. This belief is widely held for a number of reasons and highlights the importance that the development of renewable energy sources has on the current agenda of policy makers and governments on a global scale. However, this will prove to be a difficult challenge. As Sawin (2004) stresses, over the previous decade, the World Bank funding for fossil fuel projects (totalling $26.5 billion) far exceeded that for renewable energy (Sawin, 2004:13). It is this type of obstacle that can make the development and mainstreaming of renewable energy difficult to implement and is why it is so crucial to research this issue, highlight the financial costs of renewable energy as a long term successor to the fossil fuels and increase public knowledge of renewable energies an d their benefits. The renewable energy options are possibly limited to four main types. Whilst many various options have been and are being developed by researchers and scientists, only four are currently at a stage where they could develop enough energy to be able to supplement and then eventually succeed non-renewable energy. These are highlighted as solar energy, wind power, biomass and geothermal energy (Tiwari Ghosal, 2005:17). These four types of energy will therefore form the focus of the research with each particular strand of energy being investigated to establish whether it is feasible that any one (or perhaps a combination) of these energies can ever be relied upon to replace fossil fuels. This is the long term aim of renewable energy, whilst at the current time, they are still on the periphery in terms of usage when compared to non-renewable energy forms. The research will identify strengths and weaknesses of each of the four types of energy, particularly focusing on people’s opinions and other variables such as cost, performance and design issues that may gain or lose support depending on the results. The research will be conducted through two different approaches. Firstly, there will be a qualitative analysis of the literature available on each of the four main sources of renewable energy. This coupled with official government information detailing about each type of energy will form the majority of the research. In this manner, the proposed research will be qualitative based. However, the success of the mixed method approach to research, as championed by Maxwell (2005:183), highlights that the research should include quantitative data research as well. This will be conducted through two case studies, analysing the effects of two of the renewable energy sources on a small scale. These will be focused around particular individ uals’ attempts to use a form of renewable energy to replace more traditional fossil fuel energy in their home. The quantitative data achieved by these two samples will provide evidence as the success of the renewable energy type in replacing more established non-renewable energy in an everyday life situation. This will enable the research to identify key areas that surround the debate over renewable energy sources and the suitability of each of the four main types in their possible future role as the majority providers of energy to the United Kingdom. 1.1: Solar Energy Solar energy is perhaps the most prominent of all the renewable energy sources currently available. Solar energy has existed in many forms for thousands of years (Craddock, 2008:28). He stresses that early users of solar energy include the Romans who used the suns’ rays to heat their rooms and designed south facing windows to make use of the heat provided by the sun. In the modern era, technology has developed rapidly and solar energy is now seen as much technical and efficient than ever before. The literature review will analyse solar energy and emphasise the strengths and weaknesses of the energy as a possible candidate for large scale usage on a national level. As Figure 1 highlights, when the sun’s rays shine upon a solar panel, the effect converts the light energy to electrical energy. In this instance, the power from the solar panel is directly proportional to the amount of light shining on it, so if the light from the sun is three times as bright on a particular day than the previous day, then you will receive three times the power. (Stubbs, 2008:4) The development of solar energy has occurred due to the understanding that our current way of life cannot continue if we remain economically dependent on fossil fuels. A champion of solar energy, Scheer (2004) supports the theory that it is imperative that we make comprehensive use of solar energy, not just to augment fossil fuels but to replace them before they either run out or critically damage the world through pollution and dangerous emission levels (Scheer, 2004:4). There are two main formats that solar energy takes. These are passive and active formats (Craddock, 2008). A passi ve solar energy system uses the sunrays directly to heat water or gas. The active system converts the sun’s energy into electrical energy by using a photovoltaic semiconductor material called solar cell (El-Sharkawi, 2005:89). The researcher also provides evidence that solar power can be relatively low in terms of its efficiency stating that the electrical power output of the solar panel, arrived at by multiplying the solar power input by the efficiency of the panel (Figure 2), can often produce a low amount of energy. The energy produced in the equation above is only high enough to power two light bulbs. This can be countered by increasing the size of the panel and the efficiency of the panel. These two changes will increase the output (El-Sharkawi, 2005:89). Developments made recently should, according to Jones (2003:48), allow solar cells to operate more efficiently. The recent innovation of solar concentrators is used in solar thermal technology to generate heat to power turbines. With solar concentration technology, mirrors or lenses focus light onto specifically designed cells. The older versions of solar cells have solid absorbing layers that require clear skies and direct sunlight to produce energy. However, new solar concentrators follow the sun’s path through the sky during the day allowing a better chance at finding direct sunlight. This highlights that solar power is increasing in efficiency and from a relatively un-technical beginning, solar power is now a real possibility at pr oviding alternative power to fossil fuels in the future. 1.2 Wind Wind power is perhaps the most striking of all of the recent developments in renewable energy. The wind turbines that adorn high peaks across the country are constant reminders of the attempts by the government and industry to develop renewable energy. Wind power is generated through the utilisation of large scale convective currents that carry heat from lower latitudes to more northern destinations. These create rivers of air that are used by newly developed wind turbines to generate power. (Figure 3) Winds are strongest at high peaks and specifically more frequent and at their strongest along the shores of lakes, seas and oceans, restricting the placement of wind turbines to coastal regions in many parts of the world (Gipe, 2004:24) As Figure 4 highlights, the power of wind can be increased to almost two hundred percent of its normal speed as it reaches the crest of a peak, thus ensuring the positioning of the wind turbines. These have led to many criticisms of the aesthetics of the turbines, given that they are large and seen as imposing by some onlookers. The wind turbines can produce a large volume of energy but are dependent on nature and days of unusually low wind speed can reduce the effectiveness of the turbines remarkably. When the wind speed is above the level needed to produce the maximum efficiency, no power losses are achieved in the system. It is only when the wind speed drops below the necessary level that the efficiency of the wind turbine drops (Hau, 2006:489). There are a number of strengths and weaknesses of wind power and these will be assessed in the literature review. However, the UK has increased its share of the wind turbine market recently (at an average rate of 35% per annum) in its attempts to increase the percentage of which all electricity generated will come from renewable sources by 2020 (This has been set at 20% : Government White Paper, 2003). There are various types of wind turbines, in different shapes and sizes, developed to harness the wind power at a particular geographical location. The main two versions of the modern wind turbine are based around the axis. The two different types are the horizontal axis and the vertical axis. The horizontal axis (Figure 5 above) is the most commonly seen in the United Kingdom and is popular due to the high efficiency rating. The higher the tall tower base, the higher the wind speed and the more output that can be created. This is why the horizontal axis is the most popular. However, this is also one of the disadvantages with complaints arising about the sight of these wind turbines on the horizon from many locals when they are installed. Vertical axis wind turbines (Figure 6) are less common in the United Kingdom. These vertical axis turbines are less common due to the fact that they are generally less efficient, because of the nature of its rotation and the stress on the blades. This leads to frequent replacements and therefore a higher cost. They are, however, less tall than horixontal axis wind turbines and therefore less of a distraction on the horizon for those that are angered by the horizontal axis types. 1.3 Biomass Biomass energy is defined as any solid, liquid or gaseous fuel source derived from recently dead biological material. This is opposed to fossil fuels that come from long dead biological material. Biomass constitutes the largest non-hydroelectric renewable source of primary energy in the United States and its presence is growing rapidly in the United Kingdom (Turner Doty, 2009:443). This is highlighted by Chiras (2006:21) who stresses that many countries are now turning to biomass as an alternative fuel source due to its relative ease in creating energy and the low cost involved. Biomass includes a wide assortment of solid fuels, such as wood, and liquid fuels such as ethanol derived from corn and biodiesel, a liquid fuel made from vegetable oils. The wide variety of forms that biomass can take can be found in figure 7. Biomass is remarkably popular as an energy source, as stated previously due to the low cost and relative ease at obtaining the materials needed for conversion. The three main conversion types are anaerobic digestion, fermentation to alcohol and the thermal process which produces a range of fuels and by-products including methane, methanol and ethanol that can produce heat, power and light, as well as fertilizers and fibres that can be used to produce food, textiles and plastics. (Figure 8) This range of products and power that it can produce make it very flexible and attractive to those who support the development of renewable energy. However, one key advocate of biomass energy states that currently most use of biomass energy is not clean or sustainable. The pollution caused by burning wood, manure and agricultural waste is causing severe health problems. It is also true that some energy crops have a bigger energy and environmental cost than they return. Thomas (2007:44) indicates that if biomass is to be a vital part of the future energy mix then there needs to be methods developed to process and use it in sustainable way over a long period of time. Biomass energy has accounted for over thirty percent of the United Kingdom electricity generation from various renewable energy types over the past five years. This amount is only second to that of hydro power (Institute of Physics Report, 2010). Although the total amount generated by renewable energy is still relatively small compared to that of traditional fossil fuels, it highlights that if biomass can be developed on a larger more industrial scale, and if more environmentally friendly processes can be created, then the usage of biomass technology may increase dramatically in the near future. Support within the United Kingdom exists for the development of the biomass energy industry. A recent report (European Wind Energy Association, 2009:524) highlights that the United Kingdom government has developed grant schemes (funds reserved from the New Opportunities Fund) for investments in energy crops and biomass power generation of at least  £33 million over three years. This will ho pefully enable the biomass industry to develop cleaner, more sustainable methods of creating biomass energy that can be used on a much larger scale. 1.4 Geothermal Geothermal energy is identified as power extracted from heat stored in the earth. It has a long history of use, from simple ways such as bathing to the modern use; that of generating electricity. In recent years, geothermal power has developed but still only supplies around 0.5% of the global electricity. Geothermal power is identified as cost effective, reliable, sustainable and environmentally friendly. However there are setbacks in the development of the energy. The main negative aspect of geothermal energy is that it is has been historically limited to regions that are close to or on tectonic plate boundaries (Craddock, 1998) Geothermal power works through a relatively simple process, exploiting the heat of the earth and transforming it into electricity. Figure 9 highlights how this process occurs. Capehart (2007) underlines the abundance of geothermal power and states that the resource base for the power can be drawn from shallow ground to hot water and rock several miles below the Earth’s surface to even further down, to molten rock known as magma (Capehart, 2007:377). There are three types of geothermal power plants operating in the world today. These are dry steam plants, flash steam plants and binary cycle plants. Dry steam plants directly use geothermal steam to turn turbines. Flash steam plants pull deep, high pressure hot water into lower pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive the turbines. Binary cycle plants pass moderately hot geothermal water by a secondary fluid to flash to vapour and then this vapour then drives the turbines (Capehart, 2007:337). Geothermal energy is seen as very reliable in that it has an average system availability of 90-95%. This is far higher than other sources of renewable energy. There is however a negative aspect in the aesthetics of the geothermal power plants, with many scholars highlighting the unattractive nature of the plants (figure 10) as well as negative public opinion on this matter (Saunders, 2007). The benefits of geothermal power have been harnessed by countries such as Iceland and the United States for a number of years but only now is the United Kingdom beginning to realise the potential of this renewable energy process. An article by Morris (2009) notes that with the recent development of planning for the United Kingdom’s first geothermal energy plant, the most suited region may be that of Cornwall due to the granite located there lending itself to the process. Morris (2009) emphasises that those behind the Eden scheme believe that Cornwall could provide as much as 10% of the United Kingdom’s electricity for the next one hundred years from geothermal plants. He also identifies other granite basements in the north of England and the north-east of Scotland. Geothermal power is therefore a currently underdeveloped source of renewable energy in the United Kingdom but has the potential to become a reliable and environmentally friendly source of power over the next few decades. The development of technology should also help to strengthen the support behind geothermal energy, given that at any location on earth, deep down in the core there is the potential energy for geothermal power. If developments can be made the energy to be harnessed away from tectonic plate boundaries, then the power of geothermal energy could perhaps become unrivalled when compared to other renewable energy sources. The literature review will continue this debate as to the strengths and weaknesses of each particular renewable energy resource. 2: Literature Review This literature review will provide part of the secondary research into the research question posed at the beginning of the work. The aim; to identify successful alternative renewable energy sources to replace that of non-renewable energy sources (fossil fuels) that currently are in demand today. Morgan (2007:9) stresses that while fossil fuels bring enormous benefits to the world, in term of the production of mass energy that has allowed global industry and technology, as well as levels of living to rise rapidly in the last one hundred and fifty years, there a number of negative aspects to non-renewable energy sources. The limited nature of the resources is one, but also the affects that the use of coal, oil and natural gas has on the environment is also a key factor in the need to develop renewable energy sources that are environmentally friendly. Therefore this literature review will attempt to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the four main renewable energy types; solar, wind, biomass and geothermal and highlight a possible successful candidate or candidates that could take over in producing the large majority of global energy. In this manner, the four main types will need to be analysed in a number of key areas; cost, effectiveness, affect to the environment and aesthetics. Cost A good overview is provided by Freris Infield (2008). They highlight that after the United Kingdom government set the target of achieving 20% renewable energy in electricity supply by the year 2020, it became possible to analyse a cost for the proposed energy developments. An analysis completed in 2003 suggested that the extra cost for the development of renewable energy processes would represent an additional 0.3p/kWh on consumer electricity bills. This was focused primarily on wind power, as wind power is expected to contribute the majority of the renewable energy target (Freris Infield, 2008:215). Other scholars also support the view that wind power is the most expensive of the renewable energy processes. Ackermann (2005:300) acknowledges that the use of wind energy in remote areas is an exceedingly expensive option when trying to harness power from the earth, rather than using non-renewable energy sources. Quaak, Knoef and Stassen (1999) indicate their preferred method, through cost analysis, is that of Biomass. They state that the initial start up costs are less expensive than wind, solar and geothermal energy plants and also the longevity of the plants as compared to that of wind turbines (that need parts replacing on a regular basis) is a key factor in the cost analysis and that biomass is by far the cheapest of the renewable energy sources currently available (Quaark, Knoef Stassen, 1999:1). However, although Walker (2007) identifies that biomass is currently the cheapest form of energy, the scholar also states that solar power could become, over time, the cheapest form of energy. While solar panels are expensive, this is only because of the low number of them. Walker (2007:7) notes that solar cells would become dramatically less expensive if more people bought them, allowing the solar cell companies to reduce prices due to a healthy competition. The simple nature of solar power, combined with a drop in prices could aid the overall cost of the energy source, allowing it to become cheap and competitive with other renewable energy sources. Sass Duffield support the view of the cheap costs of geothermal energy as opposed to wind, biomass and solar energies. They state that geothermal energy, despite high initial installation and start-up costs, can dramatically lower monthly energy bills and therefore in the long term, or within a few years, the cumulative energy savings e qual the extra up-front costs and can become less expensive than other forms of energy. An interesting viewpoint is provided by Orr (2009:23) who indicates that at the current time, none of the existing renewable energies are cost effective and it is why governments across the globe are having to provide grants to develop them. The competitive nature of global society means that only cost effective and profit generating products succeed. Therefore, designers of renewable energy processes need to find ways to lower the costs of purchase for these energies in an attempt to rival cheaper and more established fossil fuel production. It is only in this way that renewable energies can hope to develop rapidly; to the benefit of the Earth. Effectiveness and reliability The effectiveness and reliability of an energy source is the most fundamental issue that surrounds its development. An energy that has low levels of effectiveness and low reliability rates will usually never be mass developed, due to the restrictive nature and high costs to gain a substantial yield. Wind power is suggested to have a relatively high effectiveness rating by Spilsbury Spilsbury (2007). However, other scholars stress that wind power is the least effective of all of the different renewable energies due to the loss of potential power through its design (Petersen, 1999). Other energies such as geothermal, with a 95% availability (Bracaloni et al, 1995) have a far higher efficiency rating. Quaark, Knoef Stassen (1999:52) also highlight the relative low efficiency rating of biomass energy, stating that conditions at times only allow a 25-35% efficiency rating. Lomborg (2001:134) stresses that the efficiency of solar cells is also around the 20% mark, indicating that geother mal energy is far more efficient that other forms of renewable energy. Environmental effects One of the key weaknesses of the fossil fuels and their use in energy production today is the negative effects that they have on the environment. The creation of carbon dioxide from the processes needed to create energy from coal, oil and natural gas has acted as a catalyst in lowering climate conditions across the globe. Therefore, one of the main aims for new renewable energy sources is to promote an environmentally friendly strategy. Lomborg (2001) identifies that one of the renewable energy sources being discussed lacks this strategy. Lomborg stresses that biomass energy production gives rise to a slew of pollution problems such as suspended particles, sulphur, nickel, cadmium and lead. This is supported by the Council of Europe (no date) who indicate that the weakness of biomass energy is that it produces relatively large amounts of fine particles and often also other air pollution like polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Compared to this, the Council stress that wind energy only causes some carbon dioxide and fine particle emissions in the construction phase, whereas solar energy appears to be the most environmentally friendly of the renewable energies. Chiras (2009) identifies this and supports the notion that solar power is perhaps the most environmentally friendly of all of the renewable energies. The construction phase causes less emissions than any other renewable source and the fact that industrial plants (such as that used for biomass and geothermal energy) are not required for solar power means that like wind power, once constructed there is no harm to the environment, with the solar panels soaking up the heat of the sun and transferring this into energy. Aesthetics The aesthetics of renewable energy is a key factor in gaining support for possible renewable energy sources. Gipe (2004) stresses that wind power often comes under a lot of scrutiny due to the developments of horizontal axis wind turbines that dominant certain landscapes. Gipe indicates that communities are generally against these being developed because of the ugly aesthetical factor. However, he also notes that due to the nature of wind turbines and wind energy, these locations are generally remote and therefore do not affect the majority of people. There is also the development of wind turbines at sea, which could possibly aid the reduction of resentment towards wind turbines. Moreover, Scheer (2007:200) underlines that the rejection of wind power on grounds of aesthetic landscape pollution is treacherous and short-sighted and cites key examples of previous architecture such as skyscrapers as precedents. He also argues that the benefits of wind power far outweigh any argument on a esthetics and therefore feels it is a pointless debate. Chandrasekharam and Bundschuh (2002) feel that there is a similar argument for geothermal and biomass energy plants. The aesthetic factor may often be overriding but the success of creating environmentally friendly (geothermal in particular), renewable energy should outweigh any decision as to the aesthetical impact of these new sources of energy. Summary A number of key concepts were analysed in this literature review. The review suggests that opinions over renewable energy sources and their potential success rates are divided. While there appears to be agreement in the literature over the importance of developing renewable energy sources due to the fact that fossil fuel supplies are decreasing dramatically and that they have an adverse effect on the environment, there is real debate as to the preferred methods of renewable energy. Perhaps the most important contributing factor may come down to cost, and the literature review suggested that the current cost for all renewable energy forms are too high and