Comparing web applications Essay

It’s the technology used for how web browsers submit forms and interact with programs on the server. It’s used for simple interactive applications and can be used with any programming language. CGI applications are often called â€Å"CGI Scripts†, they run in the server not in the web browser, and they must follow server requirements for running applications. ISAPI: It’s an N-tier API of IIS and consists of two components: extensions and filters. These are the only two types of applications that can be developed using ISAPI, they must be compiled into DLL files which are then registered with IIS to be run on the web server. ISAPI extensions are true applications that run on IIS, ISAPI filters are used to modify or enhance the functionality provided by IIS. SSI: It is a tool that you can use to eliminate repetitive types of information on your web pages. It is a file the server includes in a web page before sending it out to a browser. It uses headers, navigation panels, and footers. It’s useful because you only need to change one file and every web page using that element picks up the update. ASP: This technology allows a web server to change the information that is  presented to the visitor in a website based on different criteria. It is a scripting language that is embedded in a code on the page that the web server can look at to change the information on the webpage. It works similar to HTML. ASP.NET: ASP.NET is a web application framework developed by Microsoft to build dynamic data driven Web applications and Web services. ASP.NET is a subset of .NET framework, a framework is a collection of classes, and ASP.NET is the successor to classic ASP. ASP.NET web pages, known officially as Web Forms, are the main building blocks for application development, and these web forms are contained in files with a â€Å".aspx† extension. References: Zacker, C. (2009). Lesson 7: Deploying Web Applications. Windows server 2008 applications infrastructure configuration (70-643) (). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. http://itt.coursesmart.com/9781118550861/firstsection#X2ludGVybmFsX0J2ZGVwRmxhc2hSZWFkZXI/eG1saWQ9OTc4MTExODU1MDg2MS8xMTc Internet Server Application Programming Interface. (2014, July 5). Wikipedia. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface

Company Profile of Coca-Cola

Company Study By:bonnie may alvior bsit4 November 8,2012 History of Coca-Cola Company In line with the company’s trust for expansion and in response to the growing market demand, a 5 year construction schedule for the new Bacolod Plant took place in the last quarter of 1994, to replace its old plant in 15th Lacson St. , Bacolod City which was constructed in 1948. In the search for the site of the new plant, the following were the objectives. * To relocate the bottling plant and its facilities in an industrial area designated and approved by the local government authorities. To construct a bottling plant away from the city but still near the different market centers which should significantly reduce the delivery time and cut down cost of hauling. In the Visayas on the projected sales * To be able to support other plants in the Visayas on the projected sales growth and product volume requirements of the regions. 14 sites were identified and considered but the lot in Mansilingan was selected with its confidence to the objectives and specific identified. The lot is 10 hectares in area and used to be a sugarcane field. It is about 8 km from the city proper.The construction of the Php 700 million two lines capacity plant started in 1997 and was inaugurated in October 28, 1998. The new plant in Bacolod is the latest and one of the largest in the network of 19 facilities operated by Coca-Cola Bottlers Phil’s. , Inc. across the country. The plant has a capacity of 50,000 physical cases per day with provision for two (2) more lines in the future. The 10 hectares production centre is home to 281 employees and incorporates up-to-the minute computerized production systems, a waste water treatments and electronic bottle inspection. 2 VISION/MISSION STATEMENT VISSIONWe are a world class beverage plant producing the highest quality products and services to our customers at optimum cost. MISSION * Leadership Our leaders are made model of excellence. They exemplify dynamic leadership by exercising sound business ethics and moral values. As coaches and mentors, they are the fountains of strength, constantly providing clear direction o associates and showing concern for their welfare. * Shareholders We are the shareholders, the beneficiary of our success. We commit to enhance shareholder value through continuous improvement and optimization of our resources generating profits to ensure sustainable growth. Community We are responsible corporate citizens in the community. We foster harmonious relationships through the development and preservation of the environment and sustain the economic upliftment of the people. 4 SERVICES OFFERRED The Coca-Cola Company provides superior quality products and services that are affordable to the customers and constantly available in the market. The customer is the reason for their existence. The customers’ needs drive the business and the number one goal is customer’s satisfaction. The following ar e the on the ground programs the company also offered: COKE FOUNDATION Provide education by donating school in the depressed areas all over the country called (Coca-Cola Red School House). In their 100 years in time they build a school in Tayasan, Negros Oriental which will be inaugurated early December. * FEEDING PROGRAM They visit all over the country and serve the children and mothers in remote areas. * WATER SUPPLY Coordinate with the AIDE FOUNDATION to provide water supplies in a ramp pump. The company constructed water ramp pump in Moises Padilla, Silay, San Jose Neg. Occ. , Don Salvador, La Carlota and Kabankalan City (ongoing). * EMPLOYMENTProvides job for specific courses, TESDA graduates and technical courses. 3 SYSTEM (SOFTWARE/HARDWARE) USE SOFTWARE * Coca-Cola Company use COKE 1 system wherein the same system that the company uses in Philippines, Australia, China and Germany. The system covers the supply change, human resource, finance, Sales and Logistics. * And also, SAP system which is a powerful tool that integrates multiple business processes and functions into one comprehensive system. SAP reduces lack of integration across business line which will raise the risk of duplication, mistakes and inconsistency data.SAP provides different approach than their competitors in market. Each piece (module like FI, MM, and SD) can operate independently from all other software. And the key benefit of using this approach is that companies can implement individual module that fits the company needs, and have the flexibility to add other module later when their business grows. HARDWARE * Unit uses in the Coca-Cola Company are Lenovo, IBM and HP products. There are also Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras for surveillance purposes. 5 COCA-COLA COMPANY (Index Page Picture) 1 ABS-CBN COMPANY CORPORATE PROFILE ABS-CBN is in the business of producing world-class entertainment, news and information programs and in the continuous adoption of breakthrough techn ology to deliver these to its audiences not just in the Philippines, but globally. This content is distributed primarily in the Philippines through its flagship station in Mega Manila, ABS-CBN Channel 2. Backed by a regional network of 25 originating stations, 8 affiliates, and a collection of strategically –located relay stations across the archipelago, ABS-CBN’s nationwide reach is unmatched to this day.ABS-CBN also airs in free-to-air UHF on Studio 23 and operates the country’s leading radio network consisting of 3 AM band stations and 14 in the FM band. ABS-CBN also provides news and entertainment programs for nine cable channels, targeting specific niche markets who prefer foreign entertainment programs, blockbuster Filipino movies, news and commentary, music, anime, and sports. ABS-CBN also owns Skycable , the Philippines’ largest cable television service provider which has close to 500,000 upscale subscribers in Metro Manila and key urban areas nat ionwide.Outside the Philippines, ABS-CBN reaches an estimated 2 million Filipinos out of the more than 8 million Filipinos overseas, through ABS-CBN Global’s The Filipino Channel (TFC). TFC is available in the USA, Canada, the whole Europe, Australia, the Middle East, Japan, and a host of other Asia-Pacific via cable TV, direct-to-home satellite, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and the Internet trough TFCNow! ABS-CBN in-house produced programs also reach foreign audiences through the distribution of ABS-CBN content to countries in Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa.Star Cinema, ABS-CBN movie production unit, has a 75% share of the local film market based on gross box office receipts, consistently producing one blockbuster hit after another. ABS-CBN also leads the local music production and distribution outfit in the country through Star Records. ABS-CBN Publishing completes ABS-CBN’s tri-media offering with 14 glossy magazine titles, addressing the needs of the Philippine upscale market with features on fashion and lifestyle, gossip and entertainment, culinary arts, interior design, sports and male-specific interests.Blazing the trail in new media technology, ABS-CBN interactive pioneered traditional media and SMS tie-ups in the country with the launch of TV text promos and TV polls/voting systems. ABS-CBN’s online properties-entertainment and news sites, online games, and social networking through one of the leading social networks in world, multiply- have proven to be strongly patronized by the growing Filipino online community. Driven by its passionate commitment to bold innovation, ABS-CBN is leading the change in the country’s media landscape with its depth of creative talent and breath of platforms. SYSTEM (SOFTWARE/HARDWARE) USE SOFTWARE Most of the hardware use in ABS-CBN is Cisco device for switches and routers. These devices are use to connect to the network in Manila. For operating system the company use Windo ws XP, Windows 7 and Windows Networking 2000. For the editing, they use Adobe products. The ABS-CBN also use a Library System to store videos and for the access of data, the admin is assign to the IT Support and Engineering Accounts and user is assign to the editors. Hardware Most of the hardware use in ABS-CBN is Cisco device for switches and routers.These devices are use to connect to the network in Manila. 10 CORPORATE VALUES * Meritocracy * Granting commensurate rewards at the right time for good performance (caring for our people) * Expecting rewards earned through performance rather than because of entitlement * Taking quick and appropriate action on failure * Excellence * JUDGMENT AND DRIVE FOR RESULTS * Using best judgment to balance speed, quality and cost to attain best returns * Using best judgment to balance the need to deliver short-term business results with what is best for the organization in the long term. Going beyond the boundaries of my role/unit to ensure result s * Gathering and using available data/information to make decisions and resolve problems; moving on despite the absence of complete data/information * EMBRACING CHANGE * Exploring new ways and challenging old ways, including past successes, to achieve breakthroughs and continuous improvement. * RISK TAKING * In a constantly changing competitive environment taking action based on an assessment that opportunities and rewards are worth the risks and ensuring everything possible is done to mitigate those risks. * Teamwork COMPANY INTEREST AND TRANSPARENCY * Providing the right information at the right time to the right people * Taking personal accountability for making my team a high powered and high performing team 8 * Putting the good of the company/team before my personal interests * OWNERSHIP * Taking accountability for my role, output and decisions * CONFRONTING CONFLICT * Surfacing issues directly with concerned parties so that these may be resolved constructively and if resoluti on is not attained, jointly escalating the issue * Accepting my accountability for causing conflicts, if any Teaching and Learning * Training someone to become better than myself at my role * Taking accountability for my continuous learning by defining my development areas and taking deliberate action to fill my skill gaps * Analyzing failures and deriving lessons for them * Providing continuous training and learning experiences so that you constantly become better than you are at your role today and are equipped for larger roles at the appropriate time (caring for our people) * Honest and Integrity * Delivering on commitments; my words equal my actions * Speak out, speak true Providing an environment where one can speak out and be heard (caring for our people) * In the Service of the Filipino Worldwide * To serve the country and its people has always been and will always be the meaning of our work. * Whatever we do and whatever we go, we shall always be faithful to our commitment o f being in the service of the Filipino. 9 TITLE PAGE Coca-Cola Company Index Page Picture——————————————————1 History of Coca Cola Company Bacolod Plant————————————————————2 Services Offered ——————————————————–3Vision/Mission Statement———————————————-4 System (Software/Hardware) Use————————————-5 ABS-CBN Company Index Page Picture—————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€6 ABS-CBN Corporate Profile——————————————7 ABS-CBN Corporate Values—————————————8-9 System (Software/Hardware) Use————————————10 Kabankalan Catholic College Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental IN PARTIALL FULLFILLMENT IN OJT-500 BONNIE MAY G. ALVIOR BSIT 4

People Resourcing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

People Resourcing - Coursework Example A contingency plan would have been important for G4S because no matter how well the recruitment was organized and initiated, there were bound to be many variables which can come into play and scupper the process. The contingency plan would have given the company a plan B on all potential disaster scenarios and alternative strategies of how to turn these situations around. When he appeared on Radio 4, Nick Buckles of G4S lacked information regarding details of the recruitment, training and vetting processes. He was not in a position to explain what had gone wrong or confirm a number of issues about the candidates. Communication would have helped to better plan for the whole recruitment process because it was an important contract and controlling the recruitment process can be complex which can benefit from an external perspective. Being an internationally recognized and reputable firm, G4S would have made it a precondition for Wave to ensure that it was involved in the whole process, the reputation of the security firm being at stake. With less than an year and being expected to recruit 8,000 inexperienced staff, the first thing that would need to be done is to ensure have a plan for addressing and managing candidate’s expectations. This will minimize the issue of candidates turning down the offer upon being cleared as successful. G4S faced many such dropouts which affected the recruitment process. In addition, I would address the issue of suitability skills required for the position. The question that many sought answered on the recruited candidates is whether they would speak fluent English, which Buckles could not confirm. Ensuring suitability skills are considered will minimize the issue of having a poor caliber of candidates which will compromise the credibility of the company and the process. Overall, I would ensure that there is a contingency plan to identify issues quickly and speed up the drive to get the perfect candidate

Construction Cost Control & Management Coursework

Construction Cost Control & Management - Coursework Example Activity Duration in days Earliest start time Latest start time Total float AB 5 0 0 0 BC 5 5 6 1 CD 7 11 11 0 CE 5 11 11 0 DF 4 18 18 0 FG 5 22 22 0 FH 5 22 22 0 FI 4 20 22 2 FJ 7 22 22 0 JK 11 29 29 0 KL 6 40 40 0 KM 8 40 40 0 MN 5 48 48 0 LO 7 46 46 0 OP 6 53 53 0 PQ 3 59 59 0 2 (a) How the Contract Sum can be adjusted in accordance with the JCT form of contract JCT means Joint Contracts Tribunal, the bylaw applied to contractors and architects in fulfillment of contract conditions. According to Article 2 of the JCT contract forms, the contractor is given an option of adjusting the contract sum as per the agreement in the contract form. The sum of money in the form is exclusive of VAT, meaning that, the payment of VAT can be added to the sum if necessary. The extent to which it affects the contractor depends on his or her ability to reclaim the VAT money. According to Clause 5.2, the contractor can reclaim the contract sum in regard to work and labor involved in the contract (Neil , Baylis, 1999). The fact that the economy does not remain constant might bring a lot of complications in the contract. Changes in the value of currency and inflation are unpredictable and, therefore; one side of the parties involved might end up losing while the other one gains substantially. It is due to this reasons that certain formulas are provided to calculate the fluctuations. Although the contracts are based on fixed prices, adjustments are done in regard to changes in levies, taxes and duties imposed to the contract materials, tools, equipments and machineries. However, careful drafting and contract sum analysis must be done to facilitate effective amendment and adjustments when the... In conclusion of the research, the PERT chart has been critically used to schedule, organize, and coordinate the tasks in this project. It has effectively ascertained the expected time of the project for effective planning and accountability of time and estimation of resources and cost. From the analysis, the pessimistic, normal and optimistic time were estimated. This was critical in showing the various activities keeping in mind their dependence to each other and particular independence. From the analysis with help of the PERT diagram, the critical path procedure shows that the estimated longest time to complete the project will be 63 days. The NPV of projects X and Y were found to be 20.60 and 1041.90 respectively. The excavator used during the project should not be more than 5 years old, this for efficiency purposes and minimization of loss. With respect financial analysis, the tender documents of the contracting organization ought not to be complicated. The standard nature of th e documents will ascertain the value of the credit and cash flow of the contract period. The currency of operation is also critical in the sense conversion rate; therefore if contractor and employer are working on different currencies, risk measures should be taken into account prior to tendering and signing of contract. Consequently, issues prompting increment of project value have been discussed and shown clearly how the contractor can claim for additional cash. This is imperative for loss minimization in the process of project implementation.

The power of the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The power of the US - Essay Example The US is indeed an economic powerhouse with the US dollar being one of the world’s most stable currencies and has a very high exchange rate compared with most currencies. The US is a destination country for immigration, it has open policy for people who want to immigrate, and multiple nations come up because of its diverse culture. The USA works together with most of the other world powerhouses to help promote world peace and stability. It works closely with world organizations such as the U.N and N.A.T.O. The US Marines often work closely with other world countries that need assistance in military strategies and tactics. For a number of years, US has offered chances to those wishing to immigrate and stay as its nationals (Stealey, 2008). It also offers a "green card" program where it allows accredited foreigners to be able to become citizens of the United States after slow integration into the system. In addition, it offers resources to aid other nations of the world, especially the third world countries, should any international issues arise, which need attention. Many times it provides assistance in the form of finances, manpower resources, and consultancy services. Thus, the US is a destination country for

A Review of Immidration Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Review of Immidration Policy - Research Paper Example America is affected by immigration and is the state with the largest number of immigrants. The government is working in outlining guiding principles that will control the immigration in the country. Immigration has both negatively and positively affected the country. America’s immigration policies are created to control the number of individuals coming in and out of the country. Immigration Preemption, Federal Plenary Power, Employer sanctions on Immigration and E-Verify are four subjects that highlight immigration policy in America. Immigration Preemption The problems regarding America’s immigration policy engage in criminalizing of immigration laws to dispirit the illegal passage of the boundary without the states permission. Immigrants in America that are unlawfully staying will face judgment for unlawfully existing in the country. The creation of the acts and laws are to discourage the individuals who are not documented and to stay in the country. It is predicted th at few states and local immigration policies will be preempted by INA. The state governments are allowed to determine whether a person is lawfully or unlawfully allowed in the country by the second provision of SB 1070. Exclusionary immigration laws were difficult to find the unlawful settler in America. Arizona laws use state and local officials such as local police administrator to search and hunt down the illegal immigrants. The state laws are using discriminatory way of making laws aim at the immigrants crossing the border. The conflict between the federal and state law is because of the effectiveness it has in regulating the undocumented settler. The state and localities are given the ability to suspend and arrest employers that employ the immigrant workers. The increasing problem that exists between the federal and state laws is because of nationalization clause and states. Laws that interfere and conflict with the federal immigration regulations and policies are under preempt ion doctrine. Hence, the challenges facing the two authoritative groups are caused on the effectiveness it has in controlling the illegal immigration. The constitution does not go into detail in distinguishing the federal and state laws in defining the laws. Immigration in America has raised many debates that concern the security and populace of the country (McKanders, 2011). State law that interferes with the constitution is not imposed in regulating illegal migration in the country. Federal law is capable to preempt the state law when it is necessary by the following steps; through obscuring clash preemption, articulating preemption, and obscuring turf preemption. Federal immigration and state laws find it difficult in defining the immigrant’s employment. The state of law has the responsibility in ruling the housing and service for the aliens. The government and the constitution explain and try to solve the conflicts between the federal and state laws. There are policies th at are formed to guide immigration of people across the border in America. The problems faced by the state, and the immigrants are watched out and solved by the federal. State laws are faced with the threat of being preempt. Immigration emphasizes also in overturning the state and federal laws. The congress was not allowed to replace and remove the state law from issuing out guidelines for immigrants in the city. Federal Plenary Power Federal law has matured from a foreign policy into

The Importance of Water and the Hydrologic Cycle Essay

The Importance of Water and the Hydrologic Cycle - Essay Example NRDC arranged to test 1000 portable water bottles comprising of 103 brands available in the US market. NRDC conducted a detailed investigation that lasted for four years. Usually, producers of the bottled water maintain that their products are free of any chemical contaminants. Some of the samples collected were found to be contaminated with E-coli Bacteria, Arsenic, Nitrate, chloroform, phthalates, and some other kinds of bacteria that can cause serious illnesses to those who consume it. Infection with E-Coli bacteria can cause diarrhea, and vomit to children, elderly people and those who body immune system is weak. Substances such as Arsenic are considered carcinogenic and can lead to nervous, skin and reproductive issues. Nitrate interferes with blood's oxygen intake ability, especially in infants. Nitrates also increase cancer risk. The substance such as chloroform can cause cancer of the pancreas, colon; it may also cause miscarriage or birth defects in newborns (NRDC, 2013).NRD C clarifies that not all brands were contaminated with harmful substances. Almost 25% of the bottled water, with at least one sample tested of each brand, was found to be violating state standards. Some of them were comparable to tap water; however, NRDC clarifies that these brands are not without risk because most brands were tested only a few times; NRDC has called their tests as 'snapshot' tests. It is also likely that source water quality due to different surface water sources varies significantly time to time.

Genetics modification and domestications animals Essay

Genetics modification and domestications animals - Essay Example This experiment was later on repeated by Trut and his team and they found out that the hypothesis was true. However, these efforts at domestication were not without disadvantages. The changes that both Belyaev’s and the Farm Fox Experiment have brought about are very disadvantageous to the original wild fox species as well as to the tamed generations of foxes. One advantage of taming the fox species is that the physiological changes that generations of fox species undergo while being domesticated might lead to the extinction of the originally wild species of foxes. Domestication of the wild fox species does not only make the animal tamed but also causes various physiological changes in it like changes in body size, proportion, pigmentation, tail and ears (31). Although these may just seem to be minor changes as of this moment in history, such changes might prove to be less resistant to diseases and environmental conditions. Moreover, such efforts at domestication might eventua lly cause permanent changes in the fox species until such a point where all the original wild foxes were wiped out. This is not the same as evolution because there is human manipulation of the species. There must be a reason why some animals are wild and defying nature might result in the extinction of the original species. ... Moreover, new diseases might be brought along with the domesticated species as disease genes made dormant by a wild nature may eventually show up when the animal is tamed. Thus, the new domesticated species, although numerous, may not be able to survive very long. The idea that domestication brings along with it the fact that the fear response develops much later, which is 9 weeks or later instead of 6 weeks for the wild species, implies that there is a relatively longer time for the fox offspring to remain vulnerable to danger due to the absence of fear (33). The earlier fear develops in the fox species and in any other animal species, the earlier it may be able to learn to protect itself from danger. Thus, domesticated foxes tend to be more trusting of people and other animals that might cause them great harm or even death. Although the purpose of domestication is to delay the development of fear or even to get rid of it completely, fear has a great role in the survival of the anim al species. One final disadvantage of domestication of foxes is, as stated by Trut herself, â€Å"Anything that tampers with [polygenes] runs the risk of upsetting other parts of an organism’s genetic machinery† (35). As previously stated, the domestication experiment on foxes is not the same as natural evolution because there is deliberate human intervention in the manipulation of the polygenes. Any such manipulation may result in the alteration of what nature has intelligently created. The reverberations of such manipulation might result in destructive physiological changes in the fox species like immunity problems and thus eventually cause its extinction. The

Marketing in the Media 2013 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing in the Media 2013 - Essay Example In accordance to Cant (2006), marketing is mainly associated with any marketing media event since the company can display its latest products. It is paramount to note that marketing is mainly defined as the creation of awareness that a certain product exists through any paid method form of non-personal either through various mediums that include e-mail, direct mail, print, radio or participation in a marketing media activity (Pride & Ferrell, 2013). The major purposes of such events are for promoting and presentation of services, goods or ideas by any identified sponsor who for the purposes of this study is Samsung Electronics Company. There are various examples of mediums that a company can fully utilize, and they include web pages, posters, billboards, radio, print adverts and the television, which includes the mostly viewed television commercial on the new cell phone, the Galaxy Note by Samsung. Sam sung first created and aired the first commercial when the latest Super Bowl footb all game was taking place, and it was shown on television to create effectively awareness on the numerous benefits of the Galaxy Note prior to the marketing media event in Europe. This commercial differentiated the new Galaxy Note from a very particular competitor at the same time targeting a certain specific market segment. This also happened in the marketing media event on September 4th, 2013 at IFA in Europe (Bloomberg, 2013). This unique marketing media event displayed the new Samsung Galaxy Note in a very creative and effective manner that attracted huge numbers of people who were curious on knowing the Galaxy Notes benefits. On the screen was the advert where the features of the Galaxy Note were displayed, and they included the new phone’s screen that is larger, the included stylus, the camera capabilities as well as the video conferencing that the new phone can facilitate. The phone’s camera capabilities include the video; the camera’s features for both t he back and the front and when it is at still status (Bloomberg, 2013). The marketing media event by Samsung at IFA is relevant to marketing since it was taking place at IFA, which is the largest consumer-electronics show in Europe where it attracts many people. It is also an event where various companies display innovations and products, which mainly rival their competitors, and this was an exception to the Samsungs’ activity at the event (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2009). This is an event where various high-flying company marketers usually use their latest expertise and current trends to highlight their products. It is vital to note that such an event will normally be knowledgeable to any marketer with a passion on their professional carriers (Pride & Ferrell, 2011). However, such great events will always have marketing issues that are at stake considering the high level of sensitivity that normally goes with such highly publicized events (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2011). Recent r esearch by notable marketing researchers has extensively shown that such high-level events will have marketing issues that are most likely to take place, and it is therefore, the job of the marketers’ in-charge of these marketing events to strategize on how they will handle such eventualities (Kurtz & Young, 2009). Among the marketing issues that are at stake on such events include the possibility of the event being a failure due

Aristotle and Plato Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Plato Essay One of the greatest philosophers of all time was a man named Aristotle, the ancient greek philosopher. He was practically influenced every area of conceptual modern thinking. His mind set was in terms of materialism, which he essentially viewed substance on Earth before ideas and qualities. He genuinely believed in the notion of analyzing compounds and characteristics of people and their actions. Aristotle, who was a student of Plato, believed in â€Å"virtue of character and thought†, which means that virtue results from teaching, experience, and habits rather than Platos idealism notions of ideas and qualities (pg. 265-266). He believed that peoples noble actions would lead to virtue and that all things in life had an end. That all ends must result in something good, an example would be an acorn, the end of an acorn would be an acorn tree. Aristotle believed that it was inevitable for humans to obtain happiness over a course of time and that this was the end for a human being. He believed that in order to be virtuous, one must first avoid temperance and deficiency. Aristotle also claims that justice can mean both lawfulness and fairness or injustice can mean unlawfulness and unfairness. His notion was that the law encouraged people to pursue virtue, therefore, the lawful person would result to being virtuous. In essence, he claims that people who pursue virtue will be just and those who do not pursue virtue will be unjust. He believed that sensory perceptions in the human soul are reflections of objects, and thoughts in consciousness are based on what we have already seen. Plato believed that the average person could not see the truth, therefore, the noble lie was essential to get people to pursue their natural form or task. A simple ascetic city with the notion of everyone having natural abilities to do a certain job was justice for Plato. In contrast, Aristotle, did not believe that humans had access to these perfect forms in their minds as a way to reach justice and the perfect city. He argues that justice is a complete virtue when exercising virtue in relation to others and that it requires intellectual virtue. That a virtuous person should pursue the most pleasant and happy life, which is the philosophical life of contemplation and speculation. The highest good for Aristotle is the end of a human, which is gained through virtuous action over their course of a life time. In order to live a life of virtue according to Aristotle, one must find the mean or good actions, which finding the mean is virtuous actions. By exercising virtue in relations to others is a good thing that will lead to a virtuous happy life and this will inevitably lead to an end of a human being, which is happiness. He was not a hedonist, his highest good reflected on reason, virtue, and experience that gains practical wisdom and that people learn from mistakes. This notion of a human gaining happiness by living a virtuous life reflects on his notion of a content society. Aristotles perception of justice was similar to Platos in the way that virtue related to both temperance and courage, but in all other aspects they were completely in contrast. Virtue consisted of habits and making right choices for the individual to be just, according to Aristotle. Virtue of temperance and courage causes people to be in a â€Å"good state† and to perform their â€Å"functions† well (pg. 269). Therefore, in order to acquire justice in Aristotles perception, virtue would have to take place within the individuals state of character and reason for the whole in order to pursue virtue. Equality being about justice and exercising freedom was permissible according to Aristotle. He was really about diversity, but not a feminist, he clearly reduced the womens roles in society, which was normal due to an era of sexism. There where three forms of happiness according to Aristotle- a life of pleasure and enjoyment, a life of free and responsibility, and a life as a thinker and philosopher. He rejected the imbalance of these premises and it was essential in human relationships. Therefore, finding the mean and his example of not to be cowardly or impulsive, but courageous. Aristotle believed in the mixture of constitutions, which means that if you mix â€Å"oligarchy† and â€Å"democracy†, which would be essentially â€Å"polity†; bringing a large middle class, then there can be more equality and justice among the citizens (pg. 403). He described democracy as a form of government that would overthrow the rich. Therefore, where the poor are predominant, there will be democracy. Hes implying that there is a better way; modern way to conduct a government where the people are not ruled by a monarch or tyranny. This means that if you rely on one type of constitution, then it would inevitably lead to depravity by changing into a bad constitution. An example would be if monarchy was established, then it would lead to tyranny or aristocracy to oligarchy. Aristotles notion was that in order to have equality, then a mixture of constitutions was necessary for justice. He he elaborates on constitutions, he is indicating the system of government that should be established. This relates to virtue because in order to be virtuous depravity must be impermissible and having a mixture of constitutions brings a balance to good. He advocates on having a massive middle class would be essential in order to have a balance of equality and fairness. He supports on having this large middle class because it will genuinely bring a balance in society and impact on politics according to Aristotle. The virtue of justice belongs to the city, a self-determination of what is just. He advocates on the art of acquisition; that wealth should have a limit. He does not seem to like people who are upset with moneymaking. He emphasized on that a democracy was essentially the worse type of government; just as a tyranny. If there is no large middle class, then democracy denounces to rule by the poor and Aristotle believed that it should be the rule of everyone or the many. Therefore, the mixture of democracy and oligarchy was essential to Aristotle for the sake of polity. Being a just person can lead to a life of virtue, which is acquired by noble actions and experience, in contrast with Platos ideology of perfect forms in the human mind being to abstract and delusional. However, Aristotles notion is to pursue a virtuous life by making right choices and learning from mistakes, which is very good because human beings are not perfect. Happiness would be considered the end of a human being and its acquired by virtue according to Aristotle and making choices on whether to be or not to be a just person. His perspective revolved around people living in communities or political communities and that politics was a characteristic for the well-being. He also incorporated public education being the means of a community and through the development of practical wisdom because he wanted people to learn from their mistakes, stating that there is no perfect idea of a society. When an individual acquired happiness, which was the highest good over their course of life, it was done by pursuing virtue and noble actions. Therefore, Aristotles theory involves a fair political view where there is a higher class, lower class, but more importantly, a massive middle class where everyone must participate in politics. In accordance to Aristotles and its success can be determined by the happiness of the citizens. Where each citizen has acquired the point of where they derive in moderation and are capable of distinguishing the means and the extremes and the good of society. He criticized Sparta on their austere culture and the citizen structure of a military society because he genuinely believed that it was not a content community. He did not lack humane values and he emphasized on how people should exercise virtue in relations to others. In essence, Aristotles theory offers a well established broad and fair view of a justice for a society and politics.

Ways To Overcome Plagiarism

Ways To Overcome Plagiarism As we know, plagiarism has becoming part of life among colledge student. They cannot live without doing plagiarism because of it is easy way for them to do their assingment. Almost al the fresh graduate nowdays is not in high quality because of their plagiarism while their studying. They doenst really understand what they been studied and this will affected when they started to work. Their perfomance are poor because of no experiences and understanding while studying. Employers will complaints and not satiesfied of their work and this will increasing the number of unemployed people. However, there are many ways have been found to solve this plagiarized problem. For example colledge have reacted to this situation with writing rule which is student convicted of plagiarism will go through application to graduate school,job application later with one word clear that is plagiarised. There also have been created a program that can detected that the report or work is a plagiarized or not. This program are known as Turnitin that can detect that the report is a plagiarized or not. This program work to identify the passage or paragraph and it will tell you where it have been found. With this report I have been listed what is plagiarism and plagiarism that happen among student. I also suggested some ways that we can used in order to overcome this problem. SIX HATS WHITE HAT (INFORMATION, FACTS) Professor Amrin got a complaint from the industry about a percentage of gardutes from EITM does not perform well in their work. After he got the complaint, Professor Amrin had do a random check on their previous work. From the result he found that, the majority of studentd got the element of plagiarism because from their works had some same point. In this case, professor amrin expected that its will be give impact to the whole process being a genuine graduates. From that case, he found that plagiarism have many type. Some types of plagiarism is: Total / partial copying When you submit an assigment, report or project that you have copied totally or partially from a website, a friends work, or some other sources without acknowledgement, this is plagiarism besause: You did not do any original research or writing. The work is created by someone else and yet you put your name on it. If you were to change a few words or substitute some words / phrases in the original text with your own, you would still be plagiarizing. Plagiarized text with word changes. Qualitative research is an approach to research methodology in social sciences. Qualitative research involves a deep understanding of human behaviour and the reason that control human. It relies on reasons behind various aspects of behaviour. Cut and paste Another type of plagiarism involves copying large chunks of text from one or more original sources and inserting them into the assignment. For example, suppose you are doing the above assignment on Qualitative Research and you include a few sentences from the wikipedia website. Unless you present the sentences as a quote with full citation, you are committing plagiarism. Inappropriate paraphrase A more subtle type of plagiarism is the Inappropriate Paraphase. In this form of plagiarism, the quoted text is: Altered only slightly from the original and no acknowledgement of the original author is given. Extensively paraphrased but with acknowledgement of the original author. GREEN HAT (CREATIVITY,NEW IDEAS,SUGGESTION) Professor Amrin suggest and generate new ideas. The ideas include what to do and what not to do. Quotation A quotation is a word for word presentation of what is said or written in someone elses work. Its presented by using quotation mark (.). The sourceof the quote must be cited in the text and reference list. Sometimes quotation referred to as a Direct Quote. What To Do: Quote only when necessary the quoted part should only be supplementary to your own work. Copy the sentence(s) exactly the same as the original. Emti is committed to the fight against plagiarism. Use quotation marks () At the beginning and the end of the quote (for a long quote, use an indented block set off from the main text. Identify every source of the quote; write its author, title of article / journal / book, volume number, year and place of publication, publisher, page number, website address, etc. What Not To Do: Substituting just a few words in the original text and passing it off as your own also borrowing large portions of the original work. Manage your time If you have to meet a deadline, start work early. So you have plenty of time to research and write. Lack of time is one reason many people, especially stressed-out students, intentionally or unintentionally plagiarize. Paraphase A paraphase is a restatement of what someone else wrote or said (in your own words). What To Do: Use you own words. Your paraphased text can be shorter oe longer than the source. The source of the paraphase must be cited in the text and reference list. What Not To Do: Use the original words, phases and expression. There than that omit details of the original source. The third way, lose the original sense of the source and replace only a few words in the original. Then rearrange the order of words or sentences. Reference List / Bibliography At the end of your work, you need to acknowledge the information that you have referred in your text by providing a list of all your sources. This reference list or bibliography should be based on whichever particular style your faculty uses. Once you are familiar with the references style, you need to note that all references in the references list must be cited in the text and the site of the references must be include in the reference list. Therefore it should start with a new page. The title of the list should be Reference / Bibliography, centre at the top of the page and the references are listed in alphabetical order by authors surname, while the reference list should be double spaced with a hanging indent for the second and subsequent lines. RED HAT (FEELING, EMOTION) Professor Amrin related his emotion and feelings on plagiarism. In this case, he feel scared about the technology because rampant plagiarism and it make very afraid what could happen. He as a professor and also as a Head of the Undergraduate Thesis Evaluation Committee feel frustrated over plagiarism. This is because that they fear they are missing a change to teach student. He also felt anger and betrayal at student who turned in work that wasnt original. YELLOW HAT (BENEFITS, SUNSHINE, POSITIVE) From the view, Professor Amrin find that the plagiarism also have some benefits. There is : Energy saving copy and paste uses far fewer resources than does thinking your own way around any subject. Time saving its quite obviously, time not spent doing your own research and your own thinking, it also can be spend in other and more worthwhile pursuits. Meanwhile in finding other people to steal from for instance. Esteem of colleagues what writer could help but admire a person who can meet the assignment deadlines with efficiency. Evolution the plagiarist will, after all and be teaching his/her children that it is perfectly acceptable to misuse the property of another, especially if you can do it without having go through pesky details such as permission. Surely the advantage to the body politic of that childs adulthood is self evident. BLACK HAT (JUDGEMENT, BAD POINT) Professor Amrin give penalties for plagiarism. He think plagiarism is a very serious academic offence, and can result in serious consequences for you as a student including: A fail grade for your work (assignment, project thesis, course). Suspension of one semester or one academic session. Expulsion from the university. Withdrawal of your degree. BLUE HAT (THINKING ABOUT THINKING, NEXT STEP) Summary A summary is a shortened version of the original source without changing the meaning. Students have clearly identify the main points and leaves out details and examples also the source of the summary must be cited. They must not to change the original meaning of the text. Citation A citation is an identification of the source of a quote, paraphrase or summary. Academic and professional writing requires a full citation that there are in text, in a bibliography at the end of the text and includes author and title of article / journal / book, volume number, year and place of publication / publisher, page number, website address and etc. Discussion College plagiarism seems to be on the increase. So we round up and decry the usual suspects. The rise of the internet and the decline of student writing. To be sure, there are term papers for sale on the internet and the vary process of surfing the web encourages looseness in borrowing and surely fewer student seem to master the art of sustained research and argument in long papers these days. Each semester a term paper time a few of the colleagues invariably seek computer help for diagnosing and tracing suspected instances of plagiarism. By then it is almost too late. For many teacher or lecture the labor of proving suspected plagiarism is a formidable obstacle to face at the end of the semester. If the plagiarism is to be combated, it must be done regularly throughout the semester and not just at the end. SCAMPER SUBTITUTE You can change the sentence of the article or journal, but it is still plagiarism. You need to do more research to get more idea and information for your summary or its more better if you use your own word and idea. Each time you choose your words, order you thoughts and convey your idea, you can improve your writing. Practise make perfect. COMBINE You may combine the new idea and more information from your friends or lecturer during discussion to your summary or thesis. One solution has many weakness but combination of many solution may overcome the weakness. It will give your summary and the thesis much stronger to avoid the plagiarism. ADAPT You cannot copy the other person idea to make it for our assignment. If the own writer know that you copy their journal, the writer can sue you in the court. You need to create by own self with elaborate that word or use more journal to classified your jounal as one jounal. MAGNIFY Now a days, people are more brilliant to make plagiarism like sham paraphrasing, illicit paraphrasing, verbatim copying, recycling, ghost writing and purloining. But we cant do it like that because it stills same we copyright someone work. It is still plagiarism. PUT TO OTHER USE You can use your current idea to the markets and industries if your idea is still not plagiarism. We need to be more creative to discover and think the new thing or method.People always measure your originality of your work and appreciate the originality that you do it than you just copy from someone else. ELIMINATE You need to read a lot of the journal or article and make your own summary that you understand from your reading. You also have do some research to more understand what you want to simplify from the article. REVERSE It is still plagiarism if you do that way even you change their word. To avoid the plagiarism, the better way that you need to do is just thinking the new idea even your idea is not much, at least you already try it. REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_what_is_plagiarism.html http://kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/school/plagiarism.html http://ezinearticles.com/?7-Tips-to-Overcome-Plagiarism-in-Your-Essaysid=1401495 http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic24b.htm http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-can-you-prevent-plagiarism.html Aziz Yahya, Aida Nasirah Abdullah, Hazmillah Hassan, Raja Roslan Raja Abd Dahman, Critical and Creative Thingking Skills.

Eulogy for Mother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Mother When I was a young boy, there were three words that my mother said to me each morning, five days a week, nine months a year for 12 years....RISE AND SHINE, she would say. It meant we were to get up for another day of school. If I had known then, what I know now, there would have been about five words I would have said to her each time. My mother didn't have the benefit of a good, solid education. But, she was the smartest person I've ever known. She didn't have a diploma or degree from any school or university. But, she had a PhD in life and yet another, in love. Many had said of her that she did too much for us, her children. It was said that perhaps she loved us too much. But, I ask of you, just how can you do too much for your children and even more, how can you love them too much? What people seemed to forget was the circumstances surrounding our life at home when we were coming up. She had to be both mother and father to us. Yes, we had a father there, in body. It was mama who did for us, it was mama who watched out for us, it was mama who calmed our fears. It was mama who said that one day things would get better for us, that the light at the end of the tunnel wasn't an oncoming train. She was right. There are so many memories of her that I scarcely know where to begin. One that seems to be standing out most right now is when we moved to a place called Woolmarket, MS. This place was so far out in the woods, I think they had to import daylight to separate day from night. My first day in the second grade, I was confused as to what bus to take home from school. So, I decided I would walk home down the road I thought was where we lived. 'As you can imagine, my mother was frantic when the bus came by our house and I didn't get off. She got a neighbor to help her go looking for me, her wayward son. When they came across me, I was so embarrassed, I didn't want to get in the car. My mother ASSURED me I was getting into that car.

Islam Essay -- Religion Religious Islam Essays

Islam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Islam is comprised of three essential beliefs: The belief in God, obeying his moral laws, and believing in the after-life. Submission to God is directly followed by obeying the moral standards of everyday life. The Qur'an makes morality reign supreme and ensures that the affairs of life, instead of dominated by selfish desires, be regulated by norms of morality. These laws are the standard by which God determines the life of the believers, and the disbelievers on the Day of Judgement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The belief in life after death not only guarantees success in the Hereafter but also makes this world full of peace and happiness by making individuals responsible and dutiful in their activities. The Qur'an lays down a moral system which is the standard by which conduct a particular mode of conduct is judged and classified as good or bad. "It is not righteous that you turn your faces East or West; but it is righteous to believe in God and the Last Day and the Angels, and the Book, and the messengers; to spend the rest of your substance, out of love for Him, for you kin, for orphans for the needy, for the steadfast in prayers, and practice regular charity; to fulfill the contracts which you made; to be firm and patient in pain or suffering and adversity and throughout all periods of panic. Such are the people of truth, the God-conscious." (2:177) To elaborate further, our faith should be true and sincere, we must be prepared to show it in deeds of charity to our fellow-men, we must be good citizens, supporting social organizations, and our own individual soul must be firm and unshaken in al circumstances. Along with these standards, there is also the five pillars of Islam that is essential to ensure a rewarding after life. These pillars include: The belief that Allah is the one and only God, and Mohammad is his prophet; Salat five times a day; Zakat; Pilgrimage to Meccah; Observe fasting ritual during the month of Ramadan. These standards provides a sanction to morality in the love and fear of God, which will impel man to obey the moral law even without external pressures. Through belief in God and the Day of Judgement it furnishes a force which enables a person to adapt the moral conduct with sincerity and devotion straight form the heart and the soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Qur'an explains the Day of Judgement as the day when the whole universe will be destr... ... glum therein." (23:99-104) The scales that this passage refers to is the scales of moral conduct on earth. If one does good deeds on earth, the weight of those deeds are heavier on the Day of Judgement. Evil deeds constitutes less wieght on the scale of judgement. In essence, life on earth is a test for all humans. The more good deeds one accumulates, the better the chances are of eternal bliss in the afterlife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The explanation that the Qur'an gives about the necessity of life after death is what the moral consciousness of man demands. If there is no life after death, the very belief in God becomes irrelevant, or even if one believes in God, that would be an unjust and indifferent God: having once created man and not concerned with his fate. This is not so in Islam. We know through the Qur'an that God is Just and Merciful. The day of resurrection will be the day when God's attributes of Justice and Mercy will be in full manifestation. God will show his Mercy on those who suffered for his sake, and punish those who cared nothing about God and the after-life. Believing in God, obeying His laws, and believing in the after-life is what determines ones fate in the Hereafter.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay -- essays research papers

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Ambrose Bierce weaves a tale of intrigue and captivation, by using shifts of voice and time in the story à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the first four paragraphs, Bierce begins the story using third person, and in this point of view, he creates reality. We can view the situation and all aspects while it is written in third person; we know precisely what is going on, we know it is real. Near the end of the fourth paragraph, the author shifts cleverly from third person to limited omniscient. After having us view the story in third person, Bierce transfers from reality, to the main characters' thought processes, having us view Peyton's thoughts and dreams also as reality. "He looked a moment at his "unsteadfast footing," then let his gaze wander to the swirling water of the stream racing madly beneath his feet." (P.67) it is here where Bierce shifts and starts to mislead us, by using Peyton Farquhar's thought processes as a filter. It is a clever shift, because in this moment, we are getting closer to the time of Farquhar's death, and we have previously read reality. Time then slows down; the explanation of the phenomenon, of Peyton Farquhars's death, is both detailed and plausible, and there is a special trick: "He closed his eyes in order to fix his last thoughts upon his wife and children"(P.67) It is in this sentence that Ambrose Bierce starts to evoke hope in the reader. The author knows th...

Banquo’s Murder Macbeth Essay

This morning, our beloved Banquo, friend of the king, was found dead. His body, bearing a slit throat and twenty deep lacerations to the face, was discovered by a farmer from the area. The farmer discovered the body outside of his Salmon farm roughly a mile from castle Dunsinane. The motive for this horrific act is still questionable. Upon questioning the farmer police were unable to discover any leads. Although the farmer produced no useful information the crime scene yielded a possible location for authorities to begin the search. When officials investigated the ditch were Banquo was found they observed footprints and drags marks that led to the road outside Castle Dunsinane, there was also another set of footprints that led straight to the castle to suggest a possible connection between the castle and the murderers. When the authorities found the scene where Banquo was expected to be murdered, a total of five sets of footprints were found at the crime scene along with blood and two sets of horse’s hoofs. The police were able to eliminate two sets of footprints as Banquo’s and another as his son Fleance’s, based on the size. What still concerns authorities is the disappearance of the young Fleance. The boy was thought to be with Banquo at the time of the murder. Police are searching for the boy diligently. The face of the murdered Banquo after his body was found a mile from Castle Dunsinane. The face of the murdered Banquo after his body was found a mile from Castle Dunsinane. From the crime scene the police have concluded that they are looking for three possible murders. With the fifth set of footprints leading away from the scene, police began their search at the castle. The authorities talked with King Macbeth, who was reported to have been acting strangely at the court gathering the previous night. The king said, â€Å"I drink to†¦our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss. † The king continued on to say that he will miss his good friend and also hopes that Banquo finds heaven. Lady Macbeth was also asked for a statement and she refused, saying only she was too weak with sadness to speak of the event. In conclusion, authorities have no credible leads or motives for this terrible crime at this time. Police ask that anyone with any information regarding the murderers contact them at their field office. Their office is in Castle Dunsinane on the second floor, they ask that people with information please contact them as soon as possible.

The American Voting System Should Be Changed

â€Å"If you don’t vote, you can’t complain. † Americans have heard this statement for decades. Those who feel that it is their duty, hold to this statement as if it were sacred. For the most part it is true. America has been fortunate to have a system that allows its citizens to take part in voting for the lawmakers who will represent them. Over time, more freedoms have come to the American people. African Americans, women, and eighteen year old individuals now have the liberty that was not afforded to them in the beginning of this great nation. They fought for this right, and many gave their lives for this privilege.Why would they believe this right is so important? They knew that the right to vote meant that lawmakers would have to listen to their needs to insure their reelections. The right to vote meant power. Voting in America is definitely a privilege, but there are flaws in the system. The first defect is the Electoral College that elects the president. T he electors meet in each State on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December (December 13, 2004). A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President and Vice President.No Constitutional provision or Federal law requires electors to vote in accordance with the popular vote in their State. (NARA) This factor takes away the right of the people to choose the president. The popular vote is the real will of the people. Four times in the history of the election for the president the popular vote and the electoral votes were at odds. The first was in 1824 when Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but John Quincy Adams was chosen to be president instead. Other times were Samuel J. Tilden vs. Rutherford B. Hayes, Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison, and in the recent 2000 election Albert Gore vs. George W.Bush. It is impossible to judge whether the right decision was made or not, but that is not the point. The American voters should have been the ones to make the decision. The other flaw that should be addressed is the right of college students to vote in the area where they are attending school. They should use the absentee ballot of there state, county and town where they have resided. Of registered voters between the ages of 18 and 24 (typically referred to as college students), 32 percent vote. Now, certainly there are reasons for this, shedding a negative light on both the system that we are in and the kids that live with us.(Luckett) The problem is that while students are of age and should have the right to, they should not be making local decisions in the town and county where they are only going to be residing for a few years. In most cases, out of town students will pack up and move away from their college when they graduate or decide no to finish. There is nothing wrong with that, except for the fact that since they knew they would not reside in that area for a long period of time, they had no motivation to properly think abou t the consequences of their votes.When long term residents cast their votes they know that they will live with the results of the election for the rest of their lives, and that it will affect their children and grandchildren as well. America offers its citizens a wonderful opportunity to have a say in their government. Their decisions will lives for generations to come. That does not mean that the voting system is perfect. These problems can be solved and America can remain the greatest country in the world. Works Cited â€Å"A Procedural Guide to the Electoral College,† NARA, 30, May, 2007 < http://www.archives. gov/federal-register/electoral-college/procedural_guide. html> â€Å"Elections. † Info USA, 30, May, 2007 < http://www. archiv es. gov/federal- register/electoralcollege/procedural_guide. html> Grossman, Wendy M. â€Å"Ballot Breakdown† Scientific American. 19, January 2004 Luckett, Wade. â€Å"Voting Lets College Students Have Say in the Future of Am erica. † Flyer News. September 26, 2003

Uk Organic Food

Contents 1. Introduction2 1. 1 Why this industry was chosen for analysis2 1. 2 Aim2 1. 3 Brief Background of the organic food producing industry2 1. 4 Competitive environment? 3 2. PESTEL analysis5 2. 1 Political factors5 2. 2 Economic factors6 2. 3 Socio-cultural factors7 2. 4 Technological factors8 2. 5 Environmental factors9 2. 6 Legal factors10 3. Porter’s Five Forces analysis12 3. 1 Threat of new entrants12 3. 2 Threat of substitute products14 3. 3 Threat of established rivals14 3. 4 Bargaining power of suppliers16 . 5 Bargaining power of buyers16 4. Conclusion18 4. 1 The industry at present18 4. 2 Future changes19 5. Appendices20 5. 1 Critique of tools and research limitations20 5. 1. 1 PESTEL framework20 5. 1. 2 Porter’s Five Forces20 6. References22 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Why this industry was chosen for analysis The chosen industry for analysis in this report is the organic food producing industry in the United Kingdom. This encompasses groups of firms that produ ce similar products, in this case, organic food produce.In recent years, there has been a heightened awareness in the media in relation to organically produced food, and a great emphasis has been placed on ‘healthier eating’ and a reduction in the production of genetically modified food. As this awareness increases, it is important to analyse the industry in order to assess whether the industry is favourable to exist in, and to ascertain whether it is likely that it will be penetrated by new competitors.Another reason for choosing to examine this particular industry is due to the lack of an updated Mintel report, or a similar financial report, especially since there has been so much extra attention being placed on this industry of late in the media. In order to get a better picture about the macro- and micro-environment in relation to the UK organic food producing industry, frameworks will be used in order to analyse information about the industry. 1. 2 AimThe aims of t his report are to research and assess the nature of the organic food producing industry in the United Kingdom. This will occur by using two different frameworks, a PESTEL analysis and the use of Porter’s Five Forces in order to fully understand the competitive micro- and macro-environment of this industry. When the analysis is complete, it will be determined whether the industry is favourable to enter or not, and future changes in the industry will be predicted. 1. Brief background of the UK Organic Food Producing Industry The term ‘organic’ has been defined by the Organic Trade Association as an ‘ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity†¦ based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and management practices that restore, maintain, and enhance ecological harmony’ [1]. In practice, this means that artificial chemical fertilisers and pesticides are not used, and ani mals are reared without the drugs that are normally routinely used [2].Protection of the environment is of great importance, and the quality of the soil is what determines whether the produce can be deemed as ‘organic’ or not. Historically, it was common practice to only have relatively few family run farms in which organic food was produced, and this could be purchased in farmers’ markets and smaller stores, such as green grocers. However, since the 1990s, organic food has had growth rates of around 20% per year, and figures from April of this year show that organic food now accounts for 1 to 2% of food sales worldwide [3].This growth rate has been partly due to large supermarket chains adopting ranges of organic foods, which is reducing the farmer to consumer link, and providing a convenient new way to eat ‘organically’, and also due to an increased interest from the media in this industry. For example, large supermarket chain Sainsbury’s ha s more than 1000 organic products, had a 14% increase in sales of its organic produce in 2006/2007, sources all its organic meat, fish, poultry, milk, and eggs from the UK and has contracts with farmers to guarantee minimum prices to ensure the long-term supply of organic beef [4].A quote from Jerry Dryer, who wrote an article called ‘Organic Lessons’ stated, â€Å"Organic is here to stay, not a fad marching by in the night† [5], which is a hopeful suggestion that the market share is set to increase and that new opportunities can be targeted, but this will be confirmed or denied at the end of the report. 1. 4 Competitive environment? The organic food producing industry consists of a large number of small producers, who produce food which can be certified as ‘organic’ by the Organic Farmers and Growers Organic Standards and the Soil Association.Due to there being a large number of fragmented producers in the industry, it may be seen as a competitive m arket who are vying for the attention of large or small supermarket chains and stores, green grocers, and individual purchasers of organic food. Organic produce in itself is reasonably homogeneous, so all producers in this industry will be trying to sell similar products which are largely undifferentiated. This increases competition between the producers as to how they are going to get their goods sold over the goods of a competitor.There is also the option of individuals growing their own organic produce, which may reduce the demand for the purchase of produce. The competitiveness of the environment will be discussed in more detail when an analysis is carried out using the Porter’s 5 Forces framework [6]. ? 2. PESTEL Uncontrollable, external forces that influence decision making, which thus affect the performance of an industry is known as the macro-environment. The macro-environment consists of political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, and legal for ces, which can be referred to as ‘PESTEL’ forces [7].A good definition of this framework for analysis is given by Kotler [8], which is â€Å"PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations†. This is also useful for forecasting the direction in which an industry is taking, and the intensity of this change. Factors can be assessed and placed in order of importance, so it is clear to see what external factors are the most pressing issues in an industry.In order to find out information for each of the factors, reliable secondary data sources shall we used, such as newspapers, periodicals, books, trade organisations, Government agencies information, and industry analysts results. Once this kind of analysis is complete, it is clearer to see how to take advantage of arising opportunities, and plan to prevent potential threats that may occur in the industry. The sections below break down the macro-environment into six parts. 2. 1 Political factorsGovernment legislation may dictate what is considered to be organic in a particular country. This report looks at organic food producers in the UK, and this is regulated by the Organic Farmers and Growers Organic Standards [9], and the Soil Association [10]. The Department for Environmental Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) states many outlines of what how produce should be grown and the feeding of livestock, in order for in to meet UK Government standards [11]. These standards vary from country to country, within and outside of the EU.This can have a profound impact on the exporting of produce by UK farmers, as what may be deemed as organic in this country, may not be so in another. Relations with politicians need to be upheld, as legislation is subject to change at any given time. For example, it recently has been decided to ban battery hen cages starting in the year 2009 [12]. 93% of eggs in the UK market come fr om battery hens, so once the legislation is fully in place, this will not occur. This will increase competition in the market, as all eggs will now be from free range hens, which may affect the poultry side of the organic food industry.By adapting to meet the new laws now, favourable relations will be kept with politicians, and current organic egg producers will need to find new ways in which to gain market share in what may be an increasingly saturated market. The Government currently provides farmers’ subsidies, but current news from May 2008 shows that the EU is looking to cut the money it provides, and reinvest it with incentives on looking after agricultural land, rather than giving money to help produce more food [13].This may benefit farmers wishing to enter the organic food producing market, as they have extra incentives to convert their land to organic soil, but may hinder those already in the market due to the increased competition, and the lack of money to produce extra food needed to meet demand. 2. 2 Economic factors The organic food producing industry can be largely affected by the UK economy, such as interest rates, exchange rates, buyer power, and consumer confidence, which will all now be discussed in turn.The current ongoing credit crunch, and high inflation has reduced chances of any interest rate cuts, and a real threat of a downturn is present [14]. Mervyn King, the governor of the Bank of England, has previously reported that UK inflation will rise above its target and the economy will sharply slow down [15], which does not mean good things for an industry such as this, which relies on people buying premium quality products.If interest rates are high, then it costs more money to borrow from banks, which deters investment, and may make it harder for farmers to convert their land to organic soil and methods of production, as this is a costly business [16]. This inflation may cause any employees working in the industry to demand highe r wages in order to cover any losses that they are making, which can cause a problem for employers, especially if the industry declines if there is a recession. The credit crunch has also affected housing prices, which have fallen, and a ollapse in these sales have been predicted to cut consumer spending by 8% [17], which will affect the industry. Exchange rates can affect the way UK organic food producers’ export their products, as a strong currency can make exporting difficult, if foreign buyers cannot get a lot of produce for their money. Buyer power can have a strong economical hold over the industry, as disposable income and willingness to spend can affect the sales of premium quality produce, especially as there are cheaper alternatives. The state of the economy affects spending, as if there is a recession, or currently with the credit crunch in the UK, spending falls.Organic food may be seen by some users and non-users as a premium product, so when disposable income is reduced, this may be something which is cut back on in order to use the extra money elsewhere. If people are being more price conscious, new motivations to purchase the produce need to be discovered aside from price. However, many purchasers of organic food do so because of what it stands for, and is a lifestyle choice which may not be affected by a bad economy. Consumer confidence may be dented if willingness to spend decreases. The more affluent a person is, i. e. he higher wages and better lifestyle someone has, the more likely they are to start or continue to purchase organic food [18]. 2. 3 Socio-cultural factors A major socio-cultural factor affecting the industry is the media. A recent heightened awareness of organic food issues in the media has prompted an increase in organic food sales, with a 70% increase since 2002 to ? 1. 5billion in 2007 [19]. There is currently a bit from the media to use the upcoming 2012 Olympic games to promote organic eating, in order to avoid an obesity crisis and to appear a fit and healthy country.This increase awareness of the importance of healthy eating and protecting the country by reducing its carbon footprint can have an effect on consumer attitudes. The effect of the media may change attitudes of people towards organic food, such as the more impetus placed on this industry in the media, means more people are aware of the benefits of eating organically. People may then change their attitudes about the way they eat, and believe that it is worth paying more for the food, even if the economy is not as strong as it could be. Figures from a recent Mintel report [20] show that attitudes towards rganic food show that people believe firstly that the food is healthier, secondly that it tastes better, and thirdly that it is better for the environment. With these belief systems becoming widely in place, the opportunity for the growth of the industry in people’s minds is increased. However, the media may too have a detri mental effect on the industry in two ways. Firstly, there has been bad press saying that the industry is losing its values, and that the industry itself is ‘out of control’ due to an increased demand and people not knowing the real reasons behind why they are choosing ‘organic’ [21].Secondly, increased advertising spend (even though it is relatively low [22]) can draw too much attention to the industry which is not prepared to supply the increased demand. A typical shopper of organic food has been outlined in a survey taken from the Organic Monitor website [23], which identifies them to usually live in an urban area in a big city, consider quality and provenance in decision making when choosing which foods to purchase, being well-educated and of a middle to high social class, and to belong to a medium to high income household.These factors have been determined of the types of people who normally purchase these premium products, and usually fall into the AB consumer base, due to a larger disposable income [24]. Further analysis of recent demographic trends show that the London and the South of the UK are more willing to accept the introduction of organic produce, compared to the rest of the UK [25]. With this in mind, it may be deduced that these areas are more prone for targeting, and further consideration needs to be given to where the industry should go next should these places become saturated with producers. . 4 Technological factors Technological advances in transportation means that the ease of moving produce around the UK is increased. Better roads and an increase in motorways have advantages for farmers to get their produce into busier cities. Transport has however been scrutinised in this industry in recent years if air freighting is used for the moving of food or livestock, but this will be further discussed under the environmental factors section of the PESTEL analysis.The internet has provided new methods of selling organi c produce, such as online shopping, and electronic sourcing of produce to find local organic food suppliers [26]. Looking at figures from a 2007 Mintel report on organic food, box schemes and mail order have had the biggest percentage increase of usage between 2005 and 2007 (109. 2% change in this time period). The ‘box scheme’ comprises of the delivery of fresh organic produce which is chosen because it is in season in the UK at the time of ordering, and many farms have used the internet in order to allow this scheme to take place.For example, Riverford Organic Vegetables [27] allow people to choose different size boxes, and also give information about how much CO2 emissions are given off from the transport of their produce from door to door. This shows the potential for how the increase in usage of the internet can be applied to the organic food industry. 2. 5 Environmental factors National and Global environmental issues can greatly affect the UK organic food produci ng industry, such as weather and climate change respectively. Without the right growing conditions for some organic produce, i. . having good, well-nourished soil, harvesting may not reap many rewards. Last year in 2007, the wettest weather for more than 240 years was recorded in the summer by the Met Office, which obviously had adverse effects on this particular industry [28]. Following this particular summer, it was reported that organic food prices would rise even further than the already premium costs that they have, partly due to the weather reducing the amount of land fit for cultivation in order to grow and harvest organic produce [29].If adverse weather conditions do occur, the supply or organic goods will be reduced further still, which may strongly affect an industry that already has increased demand and not enough produce to meet this. Climate change has gained increasing coverage in the media, convincing more people than action needs to be taken in order to protect the e arth, in particular, the notion of a ‘carbon footprint’. A ‘carbon footprint’ can be described as ‘a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced’ [30].This affects the organic food producing industry when organically grown produce is air freighted into the UK. The Soil Association is threatening to remove its stamp of approval from organic food which has been imported by air, as they believe this to be increasing the carbon footprint, and going against the morals that organic food stands for [31]. This change may benefit UK organic food producers, as there will be less competition coming from overseas, but may be of detriment for internal UK flights, if this is how they normally transport their goods around the country.The danger here is that people who already purchase organic food may instead switch to locally sourced produce, be it organic or not, in order to help the local community, and to do their bit to reduce the carbon footprint. There may be an opportunity here for organic food producers to also trade locally, so that people can get the best of both worlds. A benefit of organic produce is that it attempts to ensure that minimal amounts of pesticides and fewer artificial methods are used in the growing of the food.Only 25% of organic food carries pesticide residues, compared to 77% of conventionally grown food [32]. This reduces harm to any soil or wildlife in the area, and is reported to have added health benefits, all contributing to less of a bad impact on the environment from harmful chemicals. 2. 6 Legal factors Legal changes in the United Kingdom may affect the behaviour of firms and producers within this particular industry. Back in 1984, the Food Act was introduced, which outlined the description and purity of foodstuffs, and affected the way in which food could be produced [33].This legal act is still completely applicable today, and is regularly updated, notably affecting organic food producers in how they can describe and label their food. As well as an organic product having to meet UK organic standards, it also must abide by this Food Act when selling to respective buyers, so as not to mislead customers, i. e. it must be what they claim it to be, in this case, organic. A European ruling in 2007 states that for food to be labelled free of genetically modified ingredients, it must contain 0. 9% or less of such elements, which may in turn affect the price of organic food [34].Producers need to factor these sorts of legal requirements into pricing how much they are going to sell their food for. For the past few years, recorded minimum wage has risen, with October 2007 being the last review at ? 5. 52 per hour for workers aged 22 and over, ? 4. 60 per hour for workers aged 18-21 inclusive, and ? 3. 40 per hour for all workers under the age of 18 who are no longer of compulsory school age [35]. These increases may p ose problems for producers who cannot afford to meet these payments, especially if inflation ontinues to rise, and the credit crunch continues to beckon a recession in the financial market. If the producers cannot afford workers to help them look after livestock or harvest crops, this may pose to be a big threat as to whether they can afford to meet the requirements of customers. ? 3. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES The micro-environment is a set of forces that directly impacts the ability of an industry to serve its customers, which were described by Michael E. Porter in an analytical framework as five forces that determine the competitive intensity of a market.This can also be described as the ‘attractiveness’ of an industry [36]. It must be remembered here that even if a market is determined to be ‘attractive, this does not mean that every firm in the industry will yield the same profitability. Only by having uniqueness in resources or a distinctive business model can help to achieve greater profits. The five forces suggested by Porter are the threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products, and threat of established rivals from horizontal competition, and the bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of buyers from vertical competition [37].The strength of these forces combined determines how competitive the industry is, and can determine whether it is favourable to enter. In reference to Porter’s Five Forces, the term ‘industry’ will be used to describe any products which are similar, and are close substitutes for each other. These five forces that affect how competitive the industry is will be discussed below. 3. 1 Threat of new entrants In order to assess the threat of new entrants in the industry, it needs to be assessed whether the barriers to entry in the UK organic food producing industry are high or low.This will be looked at in relation to economies of scale, product differentiation, cost disadvan tages in relation to the capital required, and access to distribution channels, in relation to UK organic legislation. Economies of scale occur when the costs of producing are reduced from making more units, as it is more efficient to increase output. Some organic food producers may benefit from the fact their purchasers may be large supermarket chains, who have the ability to buy in bulk due to the benefits of their economies of scale. Organic food producers an then sell their goods to these chains, who realise that their customers are becoming increasingly aware about the benefits of this quality produce. However, due to these chains being in a position to buy bulk, in order to compete in this market, organic farmers may have to sell their goods at a cut price if the supermarkets want to sell it on to turn a profit. In this case, new entrants may be put off from entering the market if they cannot afford to compete with already established providers of organic food to these main pl ayers.Product differentiation is an issue, as the organic products in this industry are largely homogenous. If new entrants wanted to penetrate the market, they would have to think of innovative new ways for buyers to choose their products over another product which is the same as the one they are offering. This does however mean that producers already in the market may have less competition enter alongside them, as long as the existing producers offer fair prices and top quality food, with well established networks.Cost disadvantages may pose a threat to new entrants, as a large amount of capital is required in order to enter the market. Firstly, modern agri-technology is expensive to purchase, and the largest cost of deciding to produce organic food is the conversion of land [38]. In order to convert land so that it meets the UK Organic standards requires a great capital investment, which is one of the reasons why the supply is still short. This may put off potential entrants to t he market if they believe they cannot afford to make their land meet national requirements.These national requirements are subject to change, so barriers to entry can be heightened or lowered at given times, depending on what is decided by the ruling bodies. This may also affect international entrants, as national standards vary in different countries. What is seen as organic in one country, may not meet the requirements in the UK, so producers may be protected from further competition in that respect. For example, new regulations in Japan caused the majority of products to lose their organic status [39].This also ties in with access to distribution channels, as UK producers may be fighting for space on supermarket shelves or stalls in a local farmers’ market, and only the best will survive. Even though supply is short, a limited amount of space is still given to organic produce, which on one hand may deter entrants into the industry, but equally may give some producers wishi ng to enter the market a bigger incentive to increase awareness about organic produce, and try to meet that supply in innovative new ways. 3. 2 Threat of substitute productsSubstitute products are products which can fulfil the same function, but from a different industry. In the case of the organic food industry, substitutes can occur in the form of different kinds of eating, or fad diets, such as calorie-counting healthy eating, and or locally sourced conventional produce. First to be discussed is reduced-fat and reduced-calorie food, which may appeal to the organic food shopper. If people are buying organic food as a misunderstanding of what it really is, and do so for the health benefits, then they may switch to specific ‘healthier eating’ options, rather than organic food.This threat however has been reported to be minimal at the moment, as figures in a Mintel report from 2007 on organic food show that organic food is experiencing a much greater growth than reduced calorie options [40]. The reduced-calorie options, as well as functional foods, still continue however to rise in popularity. Locally sourced conventional produce also poses a threat to the organic food industry, as some people may choose to support local farmers rather than to choose organic produce.This is especially difficult on the organic food industry, as more farmers may decide not to convert their land to organic if people are more willing just to buy conventional locally produced food [41]. This threat may encourage organic farmers however to sell produce locally, so they are covering both segments of their target market. An example of this threat is posed by milk, as demand for organic milk far exceeds the supply, so people are facing the dilemma of having to buy non-organic locally sourced milk, as this is a necessary substitute for people buying milk in the premium market [42].Organic food may be seen as necessity to some, but to most it is a luxury, and conventional foo ds can replace the premium priced, undersupplied organic food. 3. 3 Threat of established rivals The simplest rival in this industry may be seen as people who grow their own organic produce in their garden or local allotment. This reduces the need for organic farmers to sell their produce to consumers, and this has the potential to reduce the need for them to sell, as it may be cheaper for people to grow their own. Aside from this threat, there are other forms of competition within the industry.Rivals in the industry have different ways of competing against each other, including varied forms of price, marketing strategies, and innovation techniques. Firstly, a sustainable competitive advantage can be gained through the innovation from producers in the industry. For example, organic farmers may decide to provide their goods only to local outlets and consumers, which increases the likelihood of people wishing to buy products which are organic and sourced locally. This can provide a co mpetitive advantage over organic producers in the UK who have a larger carbon footprint by delivering their products across the country.Competitive rivalry may continue here as more competitors enter the market to satisfy the growing demand for organic produce. As new entrants penetrate the market, it needs to be increasingly thought of new ways to differentiate products, as the nature of the produce in this industry is largely homogenous. There is not a large diversity of competitors, as organic produce is the same from one farmer’s land to another, so competition will be high in order to get people to choose one farmer’s particular produce.This is also true when considering who will purchase this food, as supermarkets are increasing their ranges of organic food, so competition to get produce chosen to be sold in these will be high [43]. If a supermarket already purchases a particular farmer’s produce, it may be difficult for other competitors to penetrate the market if customer loyalty already exists, so new ways of doing so will need to be thought of, such as competing on price. This, however, will only be possible to a certain extent, as a profit still needs to be made by the producers in order to continue their business.Existing firms may compete in this industry through diversification of how the produce is offered, as some farmer’s may set up a market stall or store in order to deliver their produce to the consumer. An advantage of this is the added convenience to consumers of having a place they know they can go to in order to source locally produced organic food. An example of this is the ever increasing popularity of the chain ‘Planet Organic’, which is continuing to expand upon its outlets in urban areas in London, so that people don’t have to live in rural areas in order to get there organic food [44]. 3. Bargaining power of suppliers There is an estimated 4630 producers in the organic market who have converted their land to organic soil, and this is ever increasing [45]. Even though this is still increasing, it is expensive to convert conventional land, so this may be one of the reasons for a relatively low number of suppliers in this industry. This section focuses on whether suppliers in the organic food producing industry have high or low amounts of power over the happenings in the industry. The brand of organic food may be seen as powerful, as there is a high consumer demand for these products.This gives the suppliers the added advantage of being able to choose how and where to supply their produce. However, even though this increases supplier power, the customers for their produce are fragmented, so there may be a reduced bargaining power over price, as there is only so low that producers are able to offer their goods for. Organic food in itself is a unique offering, which gives an alternative to conventionally produced food, and can satisfy the needs of particular consumer groups who crave quality and are concerned with the provenance of what they eat.This allows suppliers to have a greater power over the conventional or locally sourced produce, as organic food is seen as a lifestyle choice and not just one of convenience or necessity. Figures from Mintel show that 65% of people shop in supermarkets where the food is of high quality and is fresh [46]. This choice from consumers gives suppliers the added advantage of being able to provide a service that people actually want. 3. 5 Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of buyers in the market can have a great effect on the industry itself, which will now be outlined in terms of how much power they have over the industry.Buying power may be deemed to be relatively low in some respects, but high in others in this industry for a number of reasons. With an increase in demand for organic produce, a large amount of buyers are competing for a relatively short supply of food. This may mean they are wi lling to pay higher prices for the produce, due to its availability being decreased. This supply shortage was outlined in The Grocer, which shows sales were up to ? 3. 1billion when they reported in March 2007 [47]. However, few large buyers, such as large chains of supermarkets, may have an increased buyer power due to suppliers wanting their goods to be sold in these stores, as they can ensure produce is sold via a contract for a certain period of time. This reduces uncertainty for suppliers, and ensures less food is spoiled. The fact that this industry contains a large number of undifferentiated suppliers may mean that buyers have more power over who to choose to supply their produce if there is a large amount of suppliers in that particular area.The cost for buyers of switching suppliers for produce is very low, which further still increases their power, assuming that there is an appropriate amount of supply existing. Buyers are aware that there is a shortage of supply of organi c produce, so this may give them less power over suppliers, and over the industry in general. It has been previously mentioned about the increased demand over supply, so buyers may have to pay the prices being offered to them by suppliers if they want this non-conventionally grown produce.Buyers may also have higher power in some respects due to existing substitute products, which have previously been discussed. There is an opportunity in some cases for people to switch to locally sourced conventional food, rather than organic food. This can increase buyer power, if they decide to refrain buying organic food altogether, which may force producers to reduce their prices, or just to exit the market. ? 4. CONCLUSION 4. 1 The industry at present Looking at the information which has been discussed in the 2nd and 3rd sections of this report, deductions and analysis can be made about the industry at present.In its simplest form, the UK market for organic food is reported to be worth ? 1. 5 billion in 2007 [48], and this is continually growing. Issues affecting the macro-environment include current Government legislation managed by the Soil Association and the Organic Farmers and Growers Association, buyer power and spending habits in the organic food industry, effects of the growing media attention on the industry itself, new ways to sell produce, and environmental concerns facing producers. Issues ffecting the micro-environment include the threat of new entrants joining the industry due to a lack of supply and an increase demand, substitute products being present such as locally sourced produce, established rivals having better distribution links, suppliers having increase amounts of power due to the increased demand from consumers, and the buyers having relatively low power due to the lack of supply. This is a small summary of how the industry can be seen at present, and from looking at the information collected, there are various reasons why it may or may not be a favourable market to enter.The fact that demand is high but supply is low is a good reason for wanting to enter the market. This would imply that any produce made would be easily sold, and suppliers would be in a better position to bargain on higher prices, as they are well aware of this demand. However, there are issues in being able to enter this industry. The initial outlay costs are high, as it is expensive to convert land into what is considered to be organic, to buy new technology required to grow and harvest produce in the methods stated by the necessary authorities.It may then be difficult to sell produce in certain areas if people do not agree with the transportation used to get the produce there in the first place. These are factors that need to be taken into consideration when looking at the industry at present, but with expansion set to continue, if the capital is available, it seems favourable to enter. 4. 2 Future changes Increased acceptance of organic food means that the future of the industry looks good for the moment.People are beginning to accept organic produce into their everyday lives, and with reported health benefits of switching to these products, sales are increasing, with analysts predicting that sales will double before the end of this decade [49]. Increased awareness in the media and new studies into the goodness of organic produce is driving sales and increasing demand. The notion of ‘eating well’ is of key importance to the Government in what they suggest to avoid an obesity crisis in the UK, and organic food may be seen as a way of doing this.However, it must be remembered that the future, as with any industry, can be uncertain. Factors that must be faced and planned for in the future include bad press in the media, substitute product switching, and a change in legislation. If the media publishes bad press about whether there are really any extra health benefits from paying extra for organic food instead of conventi onally grown food, the demand may fall and substitute products used instead.Products such as locally sourced food are fighting for advertisement space in the media also, so people may switch to this in the future in order to protect the earth, and reduce their carbon footprint. This can all be affected by the hype that is created in the media at that particular time. Standards in legislation are also subject to change, and if this is to change in the future, it may be the case that fewer farmers can afford to convert their land into organic soil, which will reduce the supply of organic food further.If this occurs, the popularity and publicity of this industry may decline. These are issues that need to be kept in the forefront of the industry’s mind, and plans to avoid this, such as proving the benefits of switching to organic produce, need to be made. ? 5. APPENDICES 5. 1 Critique of tools and research limitations 5. 2. 1 PESTEL framework Advantages are listed below: †¢A llows the analyst to remove themselves from the industry and look at it more objectively by adapting to the new environment †¢Can avoid taking actions that will lead to failure Can see the context of the industry Limitations are listed below: †¢Time consuming †¢Is done by an individual, so important factors can be missed †¢May be difficult to know what to include under each heading, so hard to follow by other people reading the report †¢Industries are constantly changing, so once it is written, it may have already changed †¢PESTEL analysis only covers the remote environment 5. 2. 2 Porter’s 5 Forces Advantages are listed below: Can effectively analyse competition in an industry, and help decide how to beat competitors †¢Develop strategies for action from the information found and apply them to gain market share in an industry †¢Looks beyond obvious immediate competitors, and focuses on substitutes to the organic produce being offered â €“ wider market view Limitations are listed below: †¢Also is carried out by an individual, so things relating to competition in the micro-environment may go unlooked †¢This analysis is a static framework, and the industry is constantly changing, so it may not be applicable immediately after it has been writtenThese limitations imply that a strategy cannot be made just by looking at this report alone. 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